Extraction of Natural Products from Agro-industrial Wastes: A Green and Sustainable Approach

371 Pages·2023·12.13 MB·English

by  Bhawani S.A., Khan A., Ahmad F.B. (ed.)

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Extraction of
Natural Products from
Agro-industrial Wastes
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Extraction of
Natural Products from
Agro-industrial Wastes
A Green and
Sustainable Approach
Editedby
Showkat Ahmad Bhawani
FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,
UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak(UNIMAS),
KotaSamarahan,Sarawak,Malaysia
Anish Khan
CenterofExcellenceforAdvancedMaterialsResearch,
KingAbdulazizUniversity,Jeddah,SaudiArabia
Fasihuddin Badruddin Ahmad
UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak,Sarawak,Malaysia
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Contents
Contributors....................................................................................... xiii
1 Introduction to agro-industrial waste.........................................1
AbuTariq,ShowkatAhmadBhawani,AbdulMohemanandKhalidM.Alotaibi
1.1 Introduction................................................................................1
1.2 Typesandsourcesofagro-industrialwastes................................2
1.3 Problemsofagro-industrialwastes..............................................3
1.4 Benefits,recycle,andreuseofagro-industrialwastes..................4
1.5 Conclusionandfutureperspective.............................................11
References...........................................................................................11
2 Introduction to natural product................................................19
IsaacJohnUmaru
2.1 Naturalproduct.........................................................................19
2.2 Secondarymetabolites..............................................................20
2.3 Alkaloid.....................................................................................20
2.4 Camptothecin............................................................................22
2.5 Triterpenesandsteroids............................................................24
2.6 Asourceofnaturalproduct........................................................27
2.7 Conclusion................................................................................30
References...........................................................................................30
3 Ionic liquids with microwave-assisted extraction
of natural products......................................................................35
IrinaFierascu,SorinMariusAvramescu,ElwiraSieniawskaand
RaduClaudiuFierascu
3.1 Introduction..............................................................................35
3.2 Ionicliquids:generalconsiderations,classification,
andproperties...........................................................................39
v
vi Contents
3.3 Ionicliquidsassolventsformicrowaveextraction.....................41
3.4 Concludingremarksandfutureperspectives............................46
Acknowledgments...............................................................................46
References...........................................................................................46
4 Pressurized liquid extraction of natural products....................53
SorinMariusAvramescu,IrinaFierascu,RaduClaudiuFierascuand
MihaelaCudalbeanu
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................53
4.2 Instantcontrolledpressuredrop................................................63
4.3 Conclusions...............................................................................71
Acknowledgments...............................................................................71
References...........................................................................................71
5 Supercritical CO extraction of natural products.....................79
2
SaqibFarooq,SalmaFarooq,SajadAhmadRatherandTariqAhmadGanaie
5.1 Introduction..............................................................................79
5.2 PreparationofsamplesforsupercriticalCO extraction............80
2
5.3 SupercriticalCO extractionofbioactivecompounds
2
fromnaturalproducts................................................................81
5.4 SupercriticalCO andnovelmethodsoffoodprocessing..........84
2
5.5 Controlledpuffinginextrusion..................................................84
5.6 Removalofhexanefromsoybeanoil.........................................85
5.7 EnvironmentalapplicationsofsupercriticalCO extraction......85
2
5.8 Conclusion................................................................................86
References...........................................................................................86
6 Solvent extraction of natural products.....................................91
AbulHasnat,AbdulMoheman,MohdAmilUsmani,MohdAzimAnsari,
ShowkatAhmadBhawani,AbuTariqandKhalidM.Alotaibi
6.1 Introduction..............................................................................91
6.2 Samplepreparation...................................................................92
Contents vii
6.3 Extractionmethods...................................................................93
6.4 Determinationofphytochemicals............................................100
6.5 Separationmethods.................................................................101
6.6 Structureelucidation...............................................................104
6.7 Conclusion...............................................................................105
References.........................................................................................106
7 Extraction of flavonoids from agrowaste...............................111
CarloSantulli
7.1 Introduction.............................................................................111
7.2 Extractionfromagrowaste........................................................114
7.3 Conclusions.............................................................................124
References.........................................................................................125
8 Extraction of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial
waste...........................................................................................131
NayeemAhmed
8.1 Introduction.............................................................................131
8.2 Extractionprocesses................................................................134
8.3 Conclusion...............................................................................138
References.........................................................................................139
9 Extraction of antioxidants from agro-industrial waste.........143
PirMohammadJunaid,AamirHussainDar,IshfaqHamidDar,
ShafatAhmadKhan,ArshiedManzoor,TariqAhmadGanaie
andRafeeyaShams
9.1 Introduction.............................................................................143
9.2 Antioxidants.............................................................................144
9.3 Extractionmethods..................................................................146
9.4 Conclusion...............................................................................152
References.........................................................................................152
viii Contents
10 Extraction of carotenoids from agro-industrial waste..........157
SajadAhmadMir,DanishRizwan,RayeesAhmadBakshi,
ShoibMohdWaniandFarooqAhmadMasoodi
10.1 Introduction.............................................................................157
10.2 Plantsassourceofcarotenoids................................................158
10.3 Chemistry................................................................................159
10.4 Carotenoidsandtheirhealthbenefits......................................159
10.5 Effectsoffoodprocessingoncarotenoidsstability
and/orbioavailability...............................................................161
10.6 Applicationofcarotenoidsinfoodindustry.............................164
10.7 Extractionofcarotenoidsfromagro-industrialwaste...............164
10.8 Conventionalextractiontechniques........................................166
10.9 Nonconventionalextractiontechniques..................................167
10.10 Conclusion...............................................................................172
References.........................................................................................172
11 Extraction of lycopene from agro-industrial waste...............179
MohdAaqibSheikh,NadiraAnjum,AmirGull,CharanjivSinghSaini
andHarishKumarSharma
11.1 Introduction.............................................................................179
11.2 Lycopenesources.....................................................................180
11.3 Roleoflycopeneinhumanhealth............................................181
11.4 Extractionandpurification......................................................185
11.5 Conclusion...............................................................................193
References.........................................................................................193
12 Extraction of natural dyes from agro-industrial waste.........197
MohdJameel,KhalidUmar,TabassumParveen,IqbalM.I.Ismail,
HudaA.Qari,AsimAliYaqoobandMohamadNasirMohamadIbrahim
12.1 Introduction.............................................................................197
12.2 Differentmethodsofextractionofnaturaldyes.......................198
Contents ix
12.3 Varioussourcesofnaturaldyes................................................200
12.4 Somedemeritsrelatedtonaturaldyes.....................................204
12.5 Biologicalmethodsforproductionofvariouspigments...........206
12.6 Applications.............................................................................207
12.7 Conclusion...............................................................................210
Acknowledgments..............................................................................211
References..........................................................................................211
13 Extraction of lignin from agro-industrial waste.....................217
AsimAliYaqoob,MohamadNasirMohamadIbrahim,
MohammedB.Alshammari,AkilAhmad,KhalidUmarandMohdRashid
13.1 Introduction.............................................................................217
13.2 Sourceoflignin........................................................................219
13.3 Extractionofligninbyusingvariousmethods.........................222
13.4 Biochemistryofextractedligninfromagro-industrialwaste....225
13.5 Challengesandfutureoutlook.................................................226
13.6 Conclusions.............................................................................226
Acknowledgment...............................................................................227
Conflictsofinterest............................................................................227
References.........................................................................................227
14 Extraction of fatty acids from agro-industrial waste and
its significance............................................................................233
AbulHasnat,AbdulMoheman,MohdAmilUsmaniand
ShowkatAhmadBhawani
14.1 Introduction............................................................................233
14.2 Characteristicsoffattyacids....................................................234
14.3 Fattyacidsfromagro-industrialwaste.....................................236
14.4 Processingofdeodorizer(DO)distillate..................................237
14.5 Conclusion..............................................................................240
References.........................................................................................240
x Contents
15 Extraction of pectin from agro-industrial waste....................243
ArshiedManzoor,BismaJan,RafeeyaShams,QuratUlEainHyderRizvi,
AamirHussainDar,SaghirAhmad,ShafatAhmadKhan
andPirMohammadJunaid
15.1 Introduction............................................................................243
15.2 Basicstructureandclassificationofpectin..............................245
15.3 Propertiesofpectin..................................................................247
15.4 Sourcesandextractionofpectinfromagro-industrialwastes..249
15.5 Pectinextractionfromagro-industrialwasteasaffected
bytheparameters:pH,temperature,andtime........................254
15.6 Conclusion..............................................................................255
Acknowledgment...............................................................................255
References.........................................................................................255
16 Extraction of cellulosic fibers from date palm by-products..261
LobnaA.Elseify,MohamadMidani,TamerHamouda,RamziKhiari
andAhmedH.Hassanin
16.1 Introduction.............................................................................261
16.2 Materialsandmethods............................................................262
16.3 Resultsanddiscussion.............................................................267
16.4 Optimumconditions................................................................274
16.5 Conclusions.............................................................................275
Acknowledgments.............................................................................276
References.........................................................................................276
17 Recent developments in extraction of keratin from
industrial wastes........................................................................281
FayyazSalihHussainandNajmaMemon
17.1 Introduction.............................................................................281
17.2 Sourcesofkeratinprotein........................................................282
17.3 Structurekeratin......................................................................282