External Mission This page intentionally left blank External Mission The ANC in Exile, 1960–1990 Stephen Ellis One thing the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ South Africa have in common is a passion for inventing history. History is not seen as a dispassionate inquiry into what happened, but rather as a part of political mobilisation promoting some form of collective self-interest. – Frederik van Zyl Slabbert Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2013 by Oxford University Press Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Published in the United Kingdom in 2013 by C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this title Ellis, Stephen External Mission isbn 978-0-19-933-061-4 (hardback) Printed in India on Acid-Free Paper Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations x Chapter One Call to Arms 1 Resisting apartheid 3 Securing a mandate 11 The formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe 18 Preparing for war 27 Rivonia 36 Chapter Two The External Mission 40 Taking stock 41 Kongwa 51 Security networks 57 The Rhodesian campaign 60 The Hani memorandum 67 Chapter Three The Party Triumphant 73 Morogoro 73 The struggle continues 82 Dissidents 91 Factionalism 103 The frontline emerges 109 Chapter Four New Strategies 113 The ANC’s strategy review 117 Pretoria’s total strategy 129 Sanctions 141 Chapter Five The Grinding Stone 151 Security, bureaucracy, ideology 152 Corruption 161 Shishita 170 Mkatashinga 186 Infiltration 197 Chapter Six War Among the People 205 The township risings 208 Kabwe 216 The new international context 228 Operation Vula 233 The security question 235 Chapter Seven Homecoming 246 Towards civil war 248 Crooks and spooks 253 Unbanning: the war’s climax 263 Reconciliation of a special type 270 Chapter Eight Perspectives 278 Waging war 281 Interpreting the past 293 Explanations 299 Appendix: A Note on Method 305 Acknowledgements 313 Notes 315 Bibliography 359 Index 373
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