Extant primates and development of primatology in China: Publications, student training, and funding

2018·0.6 MB·

by  Fan, Peng-Fei

ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Extant primates and development of primatology in
China: Publications, student training, and funding
Peng-FeiFan1,*,ChiMa1
1SchoolofLifeSciences,SunYat-SenUniversity,GuangzhouGuangdong510275,China
ABSTRACT et al., 2017; Macaca leucogenys: Li et al., 2015) have been
China supports the richest non-human primate described and new populations of three species (Nomascus
nasutus: Chanetal.,2008;Trachypithecuspileatus: Huetal.,
diversity in the northern hemisphere, providing an
2017; Rhinopithecus strykeri: Long et al., 2012) have been
excellentopportunityforChineseprimatologiststotake
discovered in China since 2006. In total, 32 primate species
a leading role in advancing the study of primatology. taxa have been reported in China by different researchers
PrimatologyinChinabegantoflourishafter1979. To (Table 1). The Chinese population of eastern hoolock gibbon
date, Chinese primatologists have published more (Hoolockleuconedys),oncethoughttoliveinwesternYunnan
(Fanetal.,2011),isnowrecognizedasanewspecies,known
than1000papersinjournalsindexedbytheChinese
as the skywalker hoolock gibbon (H. tianxing: Fan et al.,
Science Citation Database and the Web of Science
2017). Consequently, there are currently no populations of
Core Collection, and universities and academic
easternhoolockgibboninChina.Thus,excludingspecieswith
institutions have trained 107 PhD students and 370 unconfirmeddistribution(Pygathrixnemaeus,Panetal.,2007)
Masters students between 1984 and 2016. In total, or disputed taxonomy (e.g., Nycticebus sp., Pan et al., 2007)
theNationalScienceFoundationofChinahasfunded and the two species occurring in Indian controlled areas of
southeasternTibet(Trachypithecusgeei andHoolockhoolock,
129primateprojects(RMB71.7million)supporting59
Ji & Jiang, 2004; Jiang et al., 2017), there are 27 species of
researchersfrom28organizations. However,previous
primatesinChinaavailableforstudy(Table1).
research has also shown obvious species bias.
Chinese primates live in diverse habitats and many
Rhinopithecus roxellana, Rhinopithecus bieti, and populations represent the northern most distribution of the
Macacamulattahavereceivedmuchgreaterresearch species, genus, or family. For example, R. bieti lives in
attentionthanotherspecies. Researchershavealso dark coniferous forest above 3 000 m in Yunnan Province
and Tibet; Trachypithecus leucocephalus survives in karst
tendedtocontinuetostudythesamespecies(55.2%)
forestswithoutsurfacewaterinGuangxi; Nomascusconcolor
theystudiedduringtheirPhDtraining. Topromotethe
ranges in mountain forests that can be covered by snow in
developmentofprimatologyinChina,wesuggest(1) winter in central Yunnan. In these harsh seasonal habitats,
the need for a comprehensive primatology textbook primates have evolved different strategies from their lowland
written in Chinese, (2) continued training of more conspecifics or close relatives to cope with ecological and
socialchallenges,suchaslivinginlargegroups. Snub-nosed
PhD students, and (3) encouragement to study less
monkeys(Rhinopithecusspp.)liveinmulti-levelsocietiesofup
well-knownprimatespecies.
Keywords: Gibbon; Snub-nosed monkey; Leaf
monkey;Macaque;Slowlories
Received: 27October2017;Accepted: 03January2018;Online: 08
INTRODUCTION March2018
Foundation items: This study was supported by the National Young
China supports the richest diversity of non-human primates
Top-Notch Talent Program of China; the National Natural Science
(hereafterprimate)inthenorthernhemisphere. Morethan20
speciesfromthreefamiliescurrentlyresideinChina(Table1), FoundationofChina(30900169,31160424,31372216,31770421)
withthediscoveryofnewspeciesandpopulationsstilladdingto *Correspondingauthor,E-mail:[email protected]
thelist. Remarkably, twonewspecies(Hoolocktianxing: Fan DOI:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.033
SciencePress ZoologicalResearch39(4):249–254,2018 249
to 400 individuals (Qi et al., 2014) and leaf monkeys breedingfemalesinseasonalforestsinChina, whereasother
(Trachypithecus crepusculus) living in seasonal montane gibbonpopulationstypicallyliveinadultpairgroupswith only
forests on Mt. Wuliang form multi-male multi-female groups one breeding female (Fan et al., 2015b; Guan et al.,
ofmorethan100individuals, whereastheirlow-landrelatives 2018). Populations living in colder or more temperate
normally live in one-male groups of less than 30 individuals habitats provide excellent opportunities to study evolutionary
(Fan et al., 2015a). Crested gibbons (Nomascus nasutus, and ecological differences in population genetics, nutritional
N.concolor, andNomascushainanus)liveingroupswithtwo ecology,endocrinology,cognition,andmicrobiome.
Table1NumberofprimatespeciesofChinaindifferentliterature
English Chinese Masters PhD No.ofNSFC Totalfunding
This Protection
Species 1 2 3 4 papers papers thesis dissertation grants (RMB
study level
(n) (n) (n) (n) (n) 10000)
√
Nycticebussp.
√ √ √ √ √
Nycticebuspygmaeus ClassI 5 17 2 3 2 42
√ √ √ √ √
Nycticebusbengalensis ClassI 1 11 1 1 0 0
√ √ √
Nomascusnasutus ClassI 10 8 4 0 1 17
√ √ √ √ √
Nomascusleucogenys ClassI 0 1 4 0 1 23
√ √ √ √ √
Nomascushainanus ClassI 14 11 3 4 2 113
√ √ √ √ √
Nomascusconcolor ClassI 28 13 10 6 4 155
√ √ √ √ √
Hylobateslar ClassI 2 10 1 0 0 0
√ √
Hoolocktianxing ClassI 5 35 12 0 3 156
√ √ √ √
Hoolockleuconedys
√
Hoolockhoolock
√ √ √ √ √
Trachypithecusshortridgei ClassI 2 3 4 1 0 0
√ √
Trachypithecuspileatus ClassI 0 0 0 0 0 0
√ √ √ √ √
Trachypithecusphayrei ClassI 3 37 4 4 1 75
√ √ √ √ √
Trachypithecusleucocephalus ClassI 30 39 20 8 8 353
√
Trachypithecusgeei
√ √ √ √ √
Trachypithecusfrancoisi ClassI 12 111 42 4 8 258
√ √ √
Trachypithecuscrepusculus ClassI 0 0 0 0 0 0
√ √ √ √ √
Semnopithecusschistaceus ClassI 0 9 1 1 0 0
√ √ √
Rhinopithecusstrykeri ClassI 4 3 2 0 1 62
√ √ √ √ √
Rhinopithecusroxellana ClassI 135 215 112 37 33 2051
√ √ √ √ √
Rhinopithecusbrelichi ClassI 15 25 7 0 3 85
√ √ √ √ √
Rhinopithecusbieti ClassI 65 109 43 18 18 789
√
Pygathrixnemaeus
√ √ √ √ √
Macacathibetana ClassII 77 86 35 7 10 353
√ √ √
Macacamunzala Notassessed 0 0 0 0 0 0
√ √ √ √ √
Macacamulatta ClassII 37 353 73 24 16 1239
√ √ √
Macacaleucogenys Notassessed 3 1 0 0 0 0
√ √ √ √ √
Macacaleonina ClassI 12 14 6 0 0 0
√ √ √ √ √
Macacacyclopis ClassI 35 8 29 5 0 0
√ √ √ √ √
Macacaassamensis ClassI 6 70 11 1 1 62
√ √ √ √ √
Macacaarctoides ClassII 4 59 4 0 0 0
Total 22 23 26 29 27
1:Ji&Jiang,2004;2:Panetal.,2007;3:Jiangetal.,2015;4:Jiangetal.,2017andthisstudy.Thistablealsoshowsthespeciesbiasin
research.TotalfundingforeachspecieswasincompletebecauseitwascalculatedfromthedatabaseoftheNationalScienceFoundationof
China.TheStateForestryAdministrationofChina,MinistryofScienceandTechnologyofChina,andotherorganizationsalsosupportprimate
studies,butwedidnothaveaccesstothisinformation.
Atpresent,mostprimatesinChinaarethreatenedbyhabitat (Li et al., in preparation). Two gibbon species have recently
lossanddegradation,illegalhunting,andsmallpopulationsize become extinct in China (Nomascus leucogenys: Fan et al.,
(Fan et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2015). Except for M. mulatta, 2014; Hylobates lar: Grueter et al., 2009) and the Hainan
Macacathibetana,Macacacyclopis,andR.roxellana,allother gibbonhasatotalpopulationoflessthan30individuals,being
specieshavetotalpopulationsoflessthan10000individuals themostendangeredprimatespeciesintheworld(Bryantetal.,
250 www.zoores.ac.cn
2016).AccordingtotheChineseWildlifeConservationLaw,22 and Technology of China, and other organizations, the NSFC
speciesarelistedasNationalClassIProtectedSpecies,three is the largest funding source for research and the only open
species(M.thibetana,M.mulatta,andMacacaarctoides)are source to which we had access. We also used genus
ClassII,andtwospecies(MacacamunzalaandM.leucogenys) and family names when searching for papers published in
havenotyetbeenassessed(Table1). Conservationoriented Chinese and English, and for grants. We checked each
research can provide an informed scientific foundation to paper and thesis and excluded those using primates as
supportspeciesprotectionandpreservation. medical models. We also excluded grants for studies of
Primatology is the scientific study of both living and extinct more than one species (n=12) when determining total NSFC
primates in either their natural habitats by field surveys or in funding for each species. We calculated the proportion of
laboratoryexperimentstounderstandaspectsoftheirevolution international cooperation by dividing the number of papers
and behavior (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primatology). Ji & in which an international organization was involved based
Jiang (2004) dated the rise of primatology in China back to on author affiliation by the total number of papers published.
1862whenSwinhoepublishedhispaperaboutmammalsfrom Wealsoobtainedanecdotalinformationfromprimatologistsin
the island of Formasosa (Swinhoe, 1862); however, Chinese the WeChat group “China Primatological Society” by asking
scientistsfirststudiedprimatesinthe1950s(Shou,1957;Tan, “who teaches primatology-related courses to undergraduate
1957). Xia & Zhang (1995) and Ji & Jiang (2004) provided students” and “who obtained a PhD degree aboard”. We
goodsummariesontheresearchandconservationofprimates analyzed data and constructed figures using Microsoft Excel
in China. Primatology, especially studies of wild populations 2010.
in China, has experienced a strong development trajectory.
RESULTS
Several teams have established field stations and conducted
continuouslong-termresearchformorethan20years. Numberofpublications
The Chinese Primatological Society was formally
In total, we found 496 papers published by Chinese authors
established in 2017. To celebrate this landmark event, we
from the WSCC and 999 papers from the CSCD (http://www.
organized this special issue on “Primates and Primatology
chaoxing.com). Only 15 papers were published in CSCD
in China”, which includes studies on gibbons, leaf
journals and three papers in WSCC journals before 1979,
monkeys, snub-nosed monkeys, and macaques, as well as
after which primate studies began to flourish. We observed
commentaries from Prof. Paul A. Garber and Prof. Colin A.
stabledevelopmentofChineseprimatologybetween1979and
Chapman. To provide a basic introduction to primates and
2003, with China then entering a new phase after the 2002
primatology in China, we briefly review the development of
International Primatological Society meeting held in Beijing.
primatology in China through three indices: that is, number
After2003,Chineseprimatologistspublishedagreaternumber
of publications, student training, and funding received from
ofpapersininternationaljournals(WSCCdatabase), andthe
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).
numberofpapersintheWSCCdatabaseexceededthenumber
We also consider the current challenges facing primatology
ofpaperspublishedintheCSCDforthefirsttimebetween2014
developmentinChina. Thisreviewexcludesstudiesonextinct
and2017(Figure1).
speciesoronprimatesasmedicalmodels.
Chinese primatologists have also actively engaged in
MATERIALSANDMETHODS international cooperation since the rise of primatology in
China.Intotal,scholarsbasedatinternationaluniversitiesand
We searched for papers published in Chinese journals academicinstitutionshavebeeninvolvedin228Englishpapers
using the Chinese name of each extant species (including (46.0%, n=496). The proportion of international cooperation
title, keyword, and abstract) within the Chinese Science in WSCC papers has remained above 25% over time (Figure
Citation Database (CSCD) using Chaoxing, a Chinese 1). In contrast, very few (3.3%, n=999) CSCD papers have
literature database (http://www.chaoxing.com). We searched includedinternationalscholars(Figure1).
forpaperspublishedininternationaljournalsthroughtheWeb
of Science Core Collection (WSCC) database (http://apps. Studenttraining
webofknowledge.com) using the Latin name of each extant China commenced student training in primate research after
speciesandrefinedtheresultsbyconfiningthecounty/region 1979.However,primatologyisnotadistinctdisciplineinChina,
to“China”,“HongKong”,or“Taiwan”.WesearchedforMasters with graduate students who have studied primates receiving
theses and PhD dissertations in Chinese within several their degrees in zoology, ecology, genetics, physiology, and
databases,includingCNKI,Wanfang(http://www.wanfangdata. anthropology. The first graduate student (Ya-Wen Huang)
com.cn/),Airitilibrary(http://www.airitilibrary.cn),andChaoxing who studied the habitat of the Hainan gibbon obtained her
(http://www.chaoxing.com/), using the Chinese name of each Masters degree at Sun Yat-Sen University in 1984. The first
species as the search term. We searched for grants for PhD student (Ya-Ping Zhang) studied genetic diversity of the
each species funded by the NSFC since its establishment genusMacacaandobtainedhisPhDdegreefromtheKunming
in 1986 (http://www.medsci.cn/sci/nsfc.do, http://nsfc.biomart. Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in
cn/). Although primate research has received funding from 1991. Since then, there has been a dramatic increase in
theStateForestryAdministrationofChina,MinistryofScience the number of graduate students studying primates (Figure
ZoologicalResearch39(4):249–254,2018 251
2). From1979to2016,109graduatestudentshaveobtained their degree each year (Figure 2). Based on information
a PhD and 370 students have obtained their Masters in collected from the WeChat group “China Primatological
primate-related research. From 2013 to 2016, an average of Society”, six Chinese primatologists have obtained their PhD
eight PhD students and 31 Masters students have received degreeabroad.
80 50
tion (%)4600 3400 ber (n)
or 20 m
p20 u
o 10 N
r
P
0 0
3 8 3
80 9-6 4-6 9-7 50
tion (%)4600195 196 196 19 19 Ti1m9 e p1e9riod1 (9year1)9 20 20 20 3400 ber (n)
or 20 m
op20 Number of WSCC papers per year 10 Nu
r
P
0 0
Number of CSCD papers per year
Proportion of WSCC papers with international cooperation
Proportion of CSCTDim pea ppeerriso wd i(tyhe ianrt)ernational cooperation
Figure1NumberofpFaigp.e 1rs publishedperyearbyChineseauthors
Number of WSCC papers per year
FromtheWebofScienceCoreCollection(WSCC:http://www.webofknowledge.com)andChineseScienceCitationDatabase(CSCD:http://www.chaoxing.com),
Number of CSCD papers per year
andproportionofinternationalcooperationduringeachtimeperiod(The2017databaseisnotcomplete).
Proportion of WSCC papers with internationalcooperation
The number of organiza7ti0ons that train Masters and PhD organizationstrainedMastersstudentsinthestudyofprimates.
Proportion of CSCD papers with international cooperation
studentsinprimatestudiesh6a0salsoincreasedinChina(Figure Thesenumbersincreasedto33and63,respectively,from2014
2). Prior to 2000, onFliyg.f o1u r organizations (Kunming Institute to 2016 (Figure 2). Currently, however, only two professors
50
ofZoology(CAS),Pekinn)gUniversity,BeijingNormalUniversity, teachprimatologytoundergraduatestudentsinChina.
andInstituteofZoology(r (CA4S0))trainedPhDstudentsandseven
e
b
m30
Nu 70
20
60
10
50
n) 0
er (40 79-83 84-88 89-93 94-98 99-03 04-08 09-13 14-16
b
m30 Time period (year)
u
N
20
Master training organization Doctoral training organization
10
0 Master thesis per year Phd thesis per year
1979-83 1984-88 1989-93 1994-98 1999-03 2004-08 2009-13 2014-16
Fig. 2
Time period (year)
Master training organization Doctoral training organization
Master thesis per year PhD dissertation per year
Figure2AveragenumFibge. r2 ofstudentsperyearthatstudiedprimatesaspartoftheirresearch, andtheaccumulatednumberof
trainingorganizationsinChina
252 www.zoores.ac.cn
NSFCfunding Nycticebus bengalensis have been completely overlooked
Although the NSFC was established in 1986, it only funded (Table1).
its first primate field project in 1996 (study commenced in Thirty-threeresearcherswhostudiedprimatesfortheirPhD
January 1997). Further studies were funded after 2009 received NSFC grants. However, except for a few senior
(Figure 3). In total, the NSFC has funded 129 primate professors, only two Masters degree holders have received
projects (RMB 71.7 million), supporting 59 researchers from grantsfromtheNSFC.ResearcherswithaPhDhavetendedto
28 organizations. Of the 129 projects, 112 focused on a continue studying the same species (55.9%), genus (70.6%),
single species, 12 on a single genus, two at the family level, orfamily(85.3%).
and three on the order Primates. Ecology and conservation,
DISCUSSION
social behavior, and genetics and genomics are the three
most common research fields, with several projects studying
Chinese scientists have made significant progress in primate
cognition, microbiome, anatomy, and physiology, and three
researchandstudenttrainingsince1979. However,bothtotal
focusingoneducation,computerfacialrecognition,andcaptive
fundingandtotalnumberofPhDstudentsremainsmall.China
management(Figure4).
hasonlytrained109PhDstudentssince1979,withlessthan
eight PhD students defending their degree each year from
16 2014 to 2016. As Masters students have rarely been funded
16
14 by the NSFC, and therefore have been unable to develop
14
mber of grants (n)ber of grants (n)116802116802 amcsohosnoWruwseceencPravehianlssDtsoiocfusunntlrueirrndeeeendCsntehttaorsienrcipsanhea.ayocrracadhrtete.erentrotS,ioopwnmreotemomostuhpteseetcpotirrebiamsviniaolitukaeesnrdseRps.eeenrcaocirexocsehulrlbaaaignnaedas
um4
NNu 4 andR.bietiarewellstudiedandtheirpopulationsarestableor
2
2 increasing,whereasspecieslikeT.pileatusandN.bengalensis
00 havereceivedlittleattentionandareontheedgeofextinction.
6789012345678901234567
96979899000102030405060708091011121314151617
19199191991919919199202002020020200202002020020200202002020020200202002020120201202012020120201202012020120201 A pattern of continuing to study the same species after
YYeeaarr PhD training has only exacerbated the situation. Therefore,
Figure3Numberofgrantsrelatedtoprimateresearchfunded researchersshouldbeencouragedtostudyoverlookedspecies
FigF.i g3. 3
b ytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina orfocusoninter-speciescomparisons,asmostNSFCprojects
havefocusedonsinglespecies.
AnotherissuefacingChinesestudentsisthelackofChinese
5050
umber of grants (n)umber of grants (n) 112233440505050505112233440505050505 lripoaneornaopgderruecimEarognElaoegtngolgitylseolhixgsithnybt,eosxwCoktskihhllssiiwcn.ohahAn,ecltnpaharnotliemuaipgnarrhhtneoiimsbnloeigtagnnyata.ynnodpdCnruolddyrfieersevscDensorltouo.lyrrp,sainsgtetPgeuaedactnehnhgnoztsinsoZetohemlwarouenigtsshgytt
NN
teaches primatology at Sun Yat-Sen University, and Drs.
Dong-Po Xia and Bing-Hua Sun teach primatology at Anhui
University. Consequently, systematic training in primatology
for undergraduate and graduate students remains deficient
in China, which can increase the difficulties for post-doctoral
RReeseseaarcrchh f ifeieldld researcherstoexpandtheirareaorspeciesofinterest. Given
Figure4Researchfieldsofthe129NSFC-fundedprimate that developing a new discipline in China is challenging,
FigF.i g4. 4 we urgently need a Chinese language textbook that will
projects
encourage interested students to learn about primatology as
undergraduates.
Speciesbias China has made significant progress in primatology
We found an obvious species bias in primate research in since 1979. To promote further development, however,
China (Table 1). Two endemic snub-nosed monkey species we need to establish a high-quality Chinese language
(R.roxellanaandR.bieti)andcommonMacacamulattahave primatologytextbook,trainmorePhDstudents,andencourage
received more research attention in China than any other post-doctoral researchers to study less well-known primate
taxa. More students have studied these species as their species in China. Furthermore, new students need to be
thesis subject, more projects on these species have been inspiredtostudyprimatesandpublicawarenessofprimatology
funded, and more papers have been published. At the and primate conservation should be increased. Chinese
sametime,otherspeciessuchasTrachypithecuscrepusculus, primatologistsneedtobeencouragedtowritepopularscience
Trachypithecus pileatus, Semnopithecus schistaceus, and books and introduce primates during lectures and talks. We
ZoologicalResearch39(4):249–254,2018 253
sincerely hope that primates, primatology, and primatologists based on integrative taxonomy. American Journal of Primatology, 79(5):
willhaveabrighterfutureinChina. e22631,doi:10.1002/ajp.22631.
GrueterCC,JiangXL,KonradR,FanPF,GuanZH,GeissmannT.2009.Are
COMPETINGINTERESTS
Hylobateslar extirpatedfromChina? InternationalJournalofPrimatology,
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GuanZH,MaCY,FeiHL,HuangB,NingWH,NiQY,JiangXL,FanPF.2018.
AUTHORS’CONTRIBUTIONS
Northerngibbonslivingincoldseasonalforests:ecologyandsocialsystem.
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