Explosive Compaction of Powders and Composites PDF
Preview Explosive Compaction of Powders and Composites
Explosive Compaction of Powders and Composites ( @ Taylor & Francis -a7 Taylor&Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Explosive Compaction of Powders and Composites R. A. Pruemmer Institute of Materials Science, Karlsruhe University, Germany T. Balakrishna Bhat Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India K. Siva Kumar Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory, India K. Hokamoto Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Centre, Kumamoto University, Japan Science Publishers Enfield (NH) Jersey Plymouth CIP data will be provided on request. SCIENCE PUBLISHERS An Imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Isles. Post Office Box 699 Enfield, New Hampshire 03748 United States of America Website: http://www.scipub.net sales@ scipub. net (marketing department) [email protected] (editorial department) [email protected] (for all other enquiries) ISBN-13: 978-1-57808-270-4 (hbk) © 2006, Copyright reserved All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hierd out, otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA An Imprint of Edenbridge Ltd. Dedicated to Our Teachers ( @ Taylor & Francis -a7 Taylor&Francis Group http://taylorandfrancis.com Foreword Powder metallurgy is an ancient materials technology. It was the only practical method for fabricating large structures as high temperatures for melting metals and alloys could not be generated and there were no large materials processing machines either. These limitations were overcome gradually with the building of higher and higher temperature furnaces. But the advantages of powder metallurgy continue to remain. This technology is also an economical route for fabricating materials to a number of specific applications with well-defined requirements. Very little scrap is generated and the production could be automated to manufacture large numbers of finished components. Powder metallurgy has also its disadvantages. There are size and shape limitations imposed by compacting machines and sintering furnaces. Sometimes there are difficulties in integrating materials with different physical, chemical and mechanical properties. This monograph deals with explosive compaction, one of the more appropriate routes for solving this problem. Explosives generate shock waves and materials behave differently - as human beings do - when they are shocked. Many limitations imposed by chemistry and mechanical properties are overcome: there is neither time for dislocations to propagate, nor for chemical segregation to form. Even incipient melting is likely. The science and technology of explosive compaction are therefore different from those of conventional processing and this monograph discusses precisely these issues. How does a shock wave propagate through materials and what are its characteristics? Understanding this is fundamental to learning of explosive compaction. Starting from this strong foundation, this monograph discusses in detail the compacting conditions and the resultant structure and properties of viii metals, composites and ceramics. The coverage is extensive and the style is simple. A number of figures and micrographs enrich the presentation further. This monograph is well structured to be a text book to students of engineering in colleges and universities and to engineers interested in using this technology. The authors are to be commended for this contribution, especially at a time when engineers are slowly inching towards incorporating composites and ceramics into metallic structures. The authors' theoretical knowledge and years of practical experience make the monograph valuable. I have had the privilege of working with two of the authors for many years and am deeply appreciative of their practical contributions using this technology. Collaborating with Dr. Pruemmer and Dr. Hokamato in preparing this monograph, they have enriched the contents of this monograph still further. I congratulate the authors for this effort. Powder metallurgy, in spite of its ancient origins, has grown to be a formidable materials technology. This book is an excellent example of this growth. Dr. V.S. Arunachalam Chairman CSTEP, Bangalore, India Distinguished Services Professor, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA, USA. Formerly Scientific Advisor to Defence Minister, Govt, of India. Preface Explosive compaction is a unique process, especially attractive for processing emerging materials such as nanocrystalline and amorphous materials as also a diverse array of composites and super hard materials rather difficult by any other route. Therefore, it is desirable that the subject of explosive compaction be taught in graduate schools to students of materials science in a greater detail than it is being done presently. Though explosive compaction has been with us for more than five decades and many conferences have been held and proceedings published, there is no simple book available on the topic. This volume is an attempt to fill this lacunae. It is our hope that this book becomes useful for teachers and students alike. In a way this book is a limited review of the past work of eminent workers in the area of explosive compaction. The authors wish to acknowledge with gratitude all the original sources of thoughts, words, equations and figures used in this book. We are especially grateful to all the authors and publishers of cited references. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. VS Arunachalam for his encouragement and for the thoughtful foreword for this book. We wish to thank the publishers for patiently supporting us and for bringing out this book in this excellent form. Finally, all of us are grateful to our family members and friends for supporting and sustaining us in many ways. Authors
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