Exploring the Last Continent: An Introduction to Antarctica PDF
Preview Exploring the Last Continent: An Introduction to Antarctica
Daniela Liggett Bryan Storey Yvonne Cook Veronika Meduna Editors Exploring the Last Continent An Introduction to Antarctica Exploring the Last Continent Daniela Liggett • Bryan Storey • Yvonne Cook • Veronika Meduna Editors Exploring the Last Continent An Introduction to Antarctica Editors DanielaLiggett BryanStorey GatewayAntarctica GatewayAntarctica UniversityofCanterbury UniversityofCanterbury Christchurch,NewZealand Christchurch,NewZealand YvonneCook VeronikaMeduna SchoolofEarthandEnvironmental RadioNZHouse Science,JamesCookUniversity Wellington,NewZealand Townsville,QLD,Australia ISBN978-3-319-18946-8 ISBN978-3-319-18947-5 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-18947-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015947821 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Coverimage:ThepictureisshowingtheseaiceedgeinMcMurdoSound,Antarctica,(lookingENE towardsMt.Erebus)inlateJanuary2015.PhotobyR.Eisert. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www. springer.com) Acknowledgements Thisbookhasbeenanincredibleandenlighteningjourneyfortheauthors,editors andpublishersandwouldneverhavecometofruitionwithoutthesupport,encour- agementandenthusiasmofawiderangeofpeopleandorganisations. WeowesinceregratitudetoMichelleRogan-Finnemoreforhergenerosity,good adviceandhelpinmovingthisbookprojectalong.SamElworthy,theDirectorof AucklandUniversityPress,wasinstrumentalinsupportingthedevelopmentofthe book project from early ideas and draft chapters into a coherent academic text. MargaretDeignanandTakeeshaMoerland-TorpeyatSpringerwerehelpful,under- standingandpatientwithusandgaveussufficienttimeandsupporttofine-tunethe finalproduct. Wegratefullyacknowledgethecrucialfundingthatledtotheproductionofthis book.FundingwasprovidedbytheFoundationforResearchScienceandTechnol- ogy in support of the International Polar Year through contract UOCX0806 to Gateway Antarctica (University of Canterbury) entitled “Providing gateways for AntarcticandSouthernOceaneducation”. We wishtothankPaul Bealing atthe DepartmentofGeography,Universityof Canterbury,forproducingtheAntarcticmapfeaturedinthisbookandKurtJoyat Gateway Antarctica, University of Canterbury, for drawing a range of geological images.Andy Reisinger’s help with converting file formatsandproducingfigures wasinvaluable. AnumberofNewZealandandinternationalartistsgaveusthekindpermission toincludesomeoftheirworkinthisbook,andinparticular,wewishtoextendour gratitude to Nigel Brown, Margaret Elliot, Fieke Neuman, Robert Nicholls and ClarePlug.Manyindividualresearchers,writers,modellersandtechniciansgener- ouslyallowedustoreusetheirphotos,drawingsordiagramsandfindmentioninthe respectivefigurecaptionsthroughoutthebook.Weacknowledgeandthankeachof themfortheirgenerosityinthisregard. Reasonable attempts have been made to secure copyright permissions. If any havebeenoverlooked,weapologiseandasktheconcernedindividualsorgroupsto contactusinthisregard. v vi Acknowledgements Finally, we are very grateful for having had the opportunity to work with a wonderfulteamofextremelyknowledgeable,talentedandaccommodatingauthors, withoutwhomwecouldnothaveproducedthismultidisciplinaryandmultifaceted introduction to Antarctica, Antarctic research and current issues surrounding humanengagementinAntarctica.Weappreciatetheirsupport,patienceandenthu- siasmforthisprojectthroughoutandbeyondaverylonggestationperiod. Chapter authors would also like to thank the following: Dave Barnes, Eugene Murphy, Inigo Eversen, Pete Bucktrout, Chris Gilbert, Geraint Tarling and John Turnerforprovidingfigures,commentsanddiscussionsaboutChap.12.Thiswork is part of the research sponsored by the Foundation for Science and Technology (Portugal), Institute of Marine Research of the University of Coimbra and by the PolarScienceforPlanetEarth(PSPE)programmeoftheBritishAntarcticSurvey (UnitedKingdom). Contents 1 ExploringtheLastContinent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 DanielaLiggett,BryanStorey,andYvonneCook PartI PhysicalSciences 2 AContinentUnderIce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 YvonneCookandBryanStorey 3 ALongJourneySouth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 BryanStoreyandYvonneCook 4 LookingBacktotheFuture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 CliffAtkins 5 AnIce-BoundContinent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 KateE.Sinclair 6 WeatherandClimate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 IanOwensandPeymanZawar-Reza 7 TheSouthernOcean. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 MichaelJ.M.Williams 8 FromIcetoSpace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 RhianA.SalmonandAnnaE.Jones PartII LifeSciences 9 RemoteOceanOutposts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 PeterW.Carey 10 LifeonLand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 PaulA.Broady vii viii Contents 11 LifeonLand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 PaulA.Broady 12 LifeBeyondtheIce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Jose´ C.XavierandLloydS.Peck 13 AntarcticMegafauna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 ReginaEisert 14 SurvivingintheCold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 CrystalLenkyandBillDavison PartIII SocialSciencesandHumanities 15 PolarExpeditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 UrsulaRack 16 AContinentforPeaceandScience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 NeilGilbert 17 ExtremeandUnusual. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 G.DanielSteel 18 DestinationIcyWilderness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 DanielaLiggett 19 CreativityattheFrozenFrontier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 PatrickShepherd PartIV CurrentIssues 20 CommercialHarvestinAntarctica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 AlanD.Hemmings 21 SouthernOceanFisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 DenzilG.M.Miller 22 TheSearchforExtremophiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 VeronikaMeduna 23 TheQuestionofMining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 YvonneCookandBryanStorey 24 IceandMineralResources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 KarenN.Scott 25 RecentClimateChange.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 505 MichaelJ.Bentley Contents ix 26 ReducingFossilFuelConsumption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 PatBodgerandYvonneCook 27 AlienInvasions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 PeterConvey 28 MeetingFutureChallengesofAntarcticResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 DavidCarlson 29 AntarcticScientificCollaboration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 David W.H. Walton, Mahlon C. Kennicutt, and Colin P. Summerhayes Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
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