EXPLORING THE CITY Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology

196 Pages·2009·19.58 MB·English

EXPLORING THE CITY
InquirTieosw aradn U rbaAnn thropology
EXPLORING
the
CITY
InquirTiOelvsa radn U rbaAnn thropology
.
ULF HANNERZ
Nt'l/' ():'o1l1u/l1;IU lnhiivae rsPirteys s
LibraorfyC ongreCssa taloging-in-PuDbaltiac ation
Contents
HannerUzI,£ .
Explortihnegc ity.
Bibliogrpa.p3 h4y3:
Includiensd ex.
I.U rbaann thropolo2g.yC .i tiaensd t owns.
I.T itle.
GN395.H363 07.7'769 -29707
ISBN9 78-0-231-08(3p76b-k8. )
Acknowledgmenvtisi
CHAPTERO NE TheE ducatioofan n U rbanA nthropologi1s t
CHAPTERT WO ChicaEgtoh nographers 19
CHAPTERT HREE TheS earcfho trh eC ity 59
CHAPTERF OUR TheV iewf rotmh eC opperbelt 119
CHAPTERF IVE Thinkiwnigt hN etworks 163
CHAPTERS IX TheC itays T heateTral:e os fG offman 202
CHAPTERS EVEN ConclusionC:o nTshter ucotfiC oint ies
andU rbanL ives 242
AppendiAxn:a lytiCocnacle pitnsE xploringCi ttyh e3 17
Notes 325
Heference3s4 3
Imlex 367
Columbia UniPvreersssi ty
New YorkC hichesWteesrt,S ussex
Copyrig©h 1t9 80C olumbUinai versPirteys s
Allr ighrtess erved
Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica
P 20 191 81 71 61 51 41 ;132 11
Acknolwe dgmtesn
Thea cknowledgmwehnitcsbh e gian boko,b ut aurseu altlhye last part of
ilt ob ew rittaerne,e videnocfae p art ap oefr sonnaelt worakn,do fp hases
ofa lifcea reeTrh.e ym ayd ocumean tp assatgher oumgahn ym ilieuax ,
\('rioefs signiefixcpaenrti enacnedsa , v arieotfyd ialoguoensg,o ionrg
discontinued.
Towartdh ee ndo ft hei ntroductcohrayp teIr s,k etcsho meo ft hep er­
\onafla ctowrhsi chha veg onei ntmoa kinEgxp loritnheg C ittyh ek indo f
IMloikti sa,n dI mentiotnh erteh refiee lde xperienciensW ,a shington,
D.C.,i nK afanchNaing,e riaan,di nt heC aymanI slanIdtss .e emfist ting
10m aken otfier sotf w hatI" learnientd h espel acaebosu tw hati su rban
IIdl1 whati sn ota,n dt ot hanfkr ienadcsq,u aintaanncdei sn,f ormatnhtesr e
('ollectviclyf orw hatt hedyi dt op ushm y understanadlionngTg h.o sew ho
werem osth elpfIu hla vei ns omec asebse ena blteo s ingoluet o,r w ililn
Ih ef uturien,o thepru blicatBiuotsn osm.e d,u et ot hee thiocfsfi elwdo rk
IIdl 1publishwiinlgrl,e maiann onymo.uI sti sv erlyi keolfyc, o ursteh,a t
lIIalolfYt hemw oulfdi nidtd iffictuols te et hel inkbse tweetnh ec oncrete
Ihinwj.(se weret hroutgohg ethaendrs omeo ft hem orea bstrnaoctti oonfs
ri1l(lllIo"wi ng pages. thAesl alm et,h ec onnectiaornets h ere.
Turnintgo a cademiiati, s r athemro reo ftepons sibtleod iscetrhne
dirli"ncftl uenocfpe a rticnueltawro rpka rtneornws h ath asg onei nttoh is
IMHlakl,t hourgehf eremnucset i ns omec aseisn evitbaebm layd et oo ther
I'ollt'ctTihvemi loisetds i.v erasnedf ar-fluonngeo ft hesceo nsiosftt sh ose
loll,·aanj.(ds ltuIdlen·tssw ho haver espondetdom y viewosn u rbaann ­
IllIopoliolaj.(l yn umbero fs eminaarnsdc onfereninct ehseU niteSdt ates,
(:lIl.1a.idr.-: l aj.(nlda,n dS candinaavnidaa ,l lowmeed t os harteh eiWrhsa.t
IIll1ldi,·pI I II1o1fTa reaj.(lr oupa,l thoubgyhn owi tm ayw elble a lmost
'·'..1I t1\l lv' allwelrt··I lh \ep ·adr.l icipianan nt usr baann thropolsoegmyi nar
11111111'I o-pIaI lI lI'onflA nlhroIMlUlnoij.v(eyr,so ifPt iyt tsbuwrhgehr,Ie w as
II\ ·j·1.II1II'I1II.1I.1IlCVo h'I 1lfa "c iliilt1ly9 7 17·2.A lthoubgyht henI hadn ot
viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
yetg ivesne riotuhso ugthotw ritian gbo oko nt hes ubjectth,is se minar carefautlt enttioot ny pipnagr tasn dv ersioonfts h em anuscriinpa t w ay
helpemde begianr rangmiyn igd eaLse.o narPdlo tniacnodvK eitBhr own, lilwrh icIh a m vertyh ankful.
witwhh omI gavteh es eminawre,r ee qualilnyt ereisntde ids cusswihnagt Aparftr omt heP ittsburgh, ManacnhdSe tsotcekrh,o lm network c1us­
thesya wa sc haracteroifus rtbiacln i faen du rbaann thropoloignoy r,o ut \l'ras f,e wo thepre rsosnhso ulbder ecognifzoetrdh ei nterwehsitc thh ey
oft hes eminraoro ma,n dd idm ucht om aket hayte amre morabIle ex.p ect havet akeinn t hibsoo k.T hrougcho nversaotrico onrsr espondeIn hcaev,e
thatth eyw ilrle cogniinzt eh iboso k a numbero fi ssufierss tb rought heenp leasteodh avet hev iewosf G eralDd. Berremawni thr egartdo
upi no ur conversianPt iitotnssb urgh-whbeyto hneeor f t hemo rb ym e, chaptIe,rA .L .E psteainnd J .C lydMei tchewlilt hr egatrodc hapte4r s
I mustc onfeIs csa,n noatl wayqsu itree member. IImlJ er5e,m Byo issevaanidAn l viWn. Wolfew ithr egartdoc hapt5e,r
Anothearc ademeixcc ursciaomne a ta latsetra gient hed evelopmoefn t IIlId ErvinGgoffm an witrhe gatrodc hapt6e.rA n anonymoruesa dewrho
thibso okD.u rintgh es pring1 9o7f6 ,I wasa SimonS enioRre search lookedo vetrh ec ompletmeadn uscroinpb te haloffC olumbiUan iversity
Felloiwnt heD epartmeonfSt o ciAanlt hropoloUgnyi,v ersoifMt ayn ches­ Presmsa des everhaell pfsuulg gestioonnlssy,o meo fw hicIh h avei nt he
terS.i ncteh igsa vmee ther athrearr oep portuntiots yp enad l ongpeerri od "IHbeIe na blteo f olloAwn.dJ ohnD .M oore ofC olumbUinai versPirteys s
reading, thainndk wirnigt,i ng wimtahjoourdt i stractainodni sn a hasb eena mostf rieneddliyt oerv,e na st hec ompletoifot nh em anuscript
stimulamtiilnige Iu a,m vergyr atetfoum ly t hecn olleaginuM easn chester \VIrIeSp eateddellya yed.
fotra kimnge inJ.o hnC omarofCfh,r iFsu llearn,dK eitHha rtw eree spe­ As itw ilnlo wc omeb efotrhee r eadeErxp,l oritnhgeC ityi sa somewhat
cialhleyl pfauscl o nversaptairotnn eBresc.a utshee r oloeft heM anchester differbeoonktf romt hawth icIhfi rsetx pectetdow ritweh,e nI begatnh e
departmheanstb eens op romineinntt hed evelopmoefna tn thropological projeocfot r ganizmiyn vgi eowf u rbaann thropolTohgiysi. s p artbleyc ause
urbasnt udiehso,w evetrh,e a dvantaogfet sh apte rioda lsvoa riefdr om I rl'aliazfetdea,r w hilet,h atth et imew oulsde emt om ovee vefra rther
�
somethianscg o ncreatsse p ecialliizberdah royl dintgoas r athleers tsa ngi­ 1I11o1f'm aed,l ikae m irageh,e nI couledx pecttofi nisah v olumoeft he
bleb uts tirlela sle nsoefa propearm bienfcoerm y concerns. vnyw ides copoer iginianltleyn .dA enddi tw oulhda rdfiltyb etweetnw o
Yeti th asn aturableleyni nm y homed epartmeanttt h,e U niversoift y mverasn ywaEyv.e na si ti sE,x plortihneCg i tiys n ota versym albolo k.I t
Stockhotlhma,It h avhea dt heg reatoepspotr tuntiott yr oyutv arioiudse as IIlbIelt Yh aItw ilfiln do theorp portunittoid eesaw li tihs suaensd m aterials
ovetrh ey eardsu rinwgh icthh ibsoo k hasb eeni n( noatl waylsi neparlo)g ­ tllIlIiItU nSotw b el efotu tB.u ta notherre asownh yt heb ook hasp erhaps
ressa,n dt hatth ebo ok hasa lstoa kesnh apien o thewra ysS.e minaorns npalldead l itthleer ec,o ntracat leidt ttlhee raen,d s trucoku ti ns ome
UrbanA nthropoloPgeyr,s onIanlf ormatiinoS no ciRaell ations, Career dll,lti" Olwlhs icIh h adn otf irtshto ugohfth, a so fc oursbee ent heo ngoing
Analysainsd,C ultural Anbaeltywseie1sn9 70a nd1 978h aveb eene spe­ IlIlhlol'ffl rIile'nead nsdc olleagIutwe isl.nl o tI, h ope,b et hee ndp roduct
cialulsye fiunlt hirse garadn,dt hep articiipnatn htessc eo nstiatnuotteh er "lildliYa logwuietsth h ema,s I wishto h avem anyo ft hemi nm y network
rathteirg htlyg-rkonuiwpth icIh m ustt hancko llectSitveelfyaM.no lund, \\'1I1l 11I0'v1eo1 n t oo thears pectosft hea nthropolosgtiucdaoylfc ities.
KristiBnoah mana,n dT omasG erholhma vea lsaot o net imeo ra nother Whatl'vmeerr itth ibsoo k mayh avet,h enI, t hinIk s houlsdh arwei th
beent hrouvgahr iocuhsa ptderra fatnsd h aveo ftehne lpemde clarmifyy Ih ,,\w,h· oh aveh elpeadn de ncouramgye udn dertakUinnlgi.ka e h andful
assumptiaonndss t raighotuetmn y argumetnhtr outghhe icrr iticiaslmsso, "I1 1·,1au't1h1ro1s, howeveIrt ,h iniktw oulbde u nfaoifrm e tos uggetshta t
bringiinlgl uminaettihnngo graapnhdy otrheefre rentcome ys a ttentAi on. Ih ,,·\,\,·' hhoa voef ferseudc shu pporsth ouladl sboe p reparteotd a kaep art
grouopf c olleagpureess,e onrtf ormegrr aduastteu denotfst hed epart­ ..I II II,Ii'a Ili,ilrhl v alri'ol lsf aulTthse,c onventiont htibhsua rtd esnh ould
menta,g aiinn cludtihnegt hreJeU Snta meda,l shoa vem y gratitfuodre II,I j'i .l.'.l I I.l yi latl'hi to ra lolilseo new hicIha ccept. aAlflit,fte hri wse re
havinbge ena mongt heb esgtu ideasn urbaann thropolocgoiuslthd a ve, .1I HH,Ikh aill lfrYi "laIlIllcdos l leagwuoeusl wdh oleheartweadnltty o b e
whenI havev isittehde mi nt hefi eldi,n c itiienst hreceo ntineAnntds . .1·...'.·1 ,11\"\hd,. 1\ 1\ '01I1I11.nI1o' tYh avwer ittiettn h emselves?
fourc onscientious ianst shieds etpaanrttsm eKnetr,s tLiang ergrUelnl,a II.It. .I 1. .\ \'.;I1\V'\·,', 1W 'i1l1t.itn lg' liIldtlsh ee ndt ob ea loneulnyd ertak-
J:orsJll'rg CuhniniemNla onr,d stroanmd.L enaH addadh.a ve gitvheeni r 1111I(. . ,. I. .. 1111'1'11"1I"1h ''a'"y' "I'0�' 1 l 1i df ort illlI'1 0psartt d urinpegr iods
x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
awayf romt hee ntanglemoefnu trsb alni fien,a secludseudm merh ouse
witha gardefnu lolf w eedasn da gefdr uittr eewsi,t hv isitciantgas n da
EXPLORING THE CITY
residehnetd gehoigns, o utheSrwne denT.h isp,e rversieslw yh,e ret his
InquirTioewsa radn U rbaAnn thropology
book onu rbaann thropolwoagsyb eguna,n dt hiissw herIe n owr eaciht s
completEivoenn.f ora committeudr baniittem ,a yfi nallbye a cknowl­
edgedt,h ec ountmrayy h aviet uss es.
UtvaliAnpgrei,1l 9 80 ULFH ANNERZ
CHAPTER ONE
TheE ducaotfi on
anU rbAannt hropologist
Onlya l iumloer ct haand ecadageo t.h erwea sh ardalnyu rbaann thropol­
UkyA. concewrint uhr baniassma parotf c ivilizaantdia onin n,t eriens t
definiintgs propecrrtoisess- cuhuhraadJa llyr,e ady at ahkaendnf oufl
.choltaorT si mbukatnud o thefra rawpalya ceBsu.ta sl ataesi nt he early
1960o5n es tudeonftc omparautribvaen icsomu lrde martkh aatn thropol­
OJtlswtesr "ea n otoriously algoatra,an pthio-huirbcbyd a enfi niti(oBne"n et
1963nO:n2l1yi n2t h)a.dte caddei dt het endenocfay n thropolotgogoi sts
10c iti(eosrs imptloyr emaiinnt hembe)c omer ealplryo nouncTehde.r e
wuc severraela sofnosrt hisIn.t hee xotsiocc iettiowe hsi cahn thropol­
Ilklh,ab!iSt ugaalvlmeyo sotf t heiart tentionw-haincdth h ewye re now
I"-lltmoid negs criabes" thTeh irWdo rld"-peopilnec reasilnegftlth ye
,lIIafgoenrs e wa ndm ushrooming urbana ncdet nhtese trusd,e ontfts h eir
Uvecso ulhda rddliys regtahrefd a cItn.t heU niteSdt alemsa,n ya nthro­
f'(llogwiesrlems o red i�tllyo uchbeydd evelopmaetnh tosm e.I nt he
1950I5h,eA mericsaenl f-ihmaadg e beoenneo fa na ffluenth,omoge nized
11111s1o5c ieitnyt;e llecctoumapllsa ionfea dn excesosfm ediocrceo n­
furlllIinst mh.e 1960s, aentdhpo nviecritwlyey r er ediscovaenrdme odr,e
,l,etlhla nn ott hewye red efineads" urbapnr oblemIsn.E "u ropea lt he
11I1tIiIme:eI ,n ternatliaobonmrai lg ratainodnt ,oa l esser eaxnit neAnutox f
r fll8,fcreosmp olituipchaela vawlesr,ce h angitnhgec haracotfme arn yc it-
14)1T.h erwea s3 searfcohrn ewu nderstandainndag nst,h ropolofgeilstt s
Ihecro ulpdl aay pMtI ni tT.h eyh ad specialiin"z oetdh ceurl turbeust"
hlt<llookfeo:trdh emf aArw ayN.o wt hefyo untdh ema crotshset racIk s.
11rOtlhllep r C5cnocfue n tllfopoilnoc giitsitteosts h ee mergenocfae n
UII)lfI1lutll nophoolw0eM,vye,tr h,e rwea sy eta nothsetre pT.h ec ollective
�11'nlolft fhenk elwIl Itc:l.odsncpm elcci aalntdty h er eguluasreo ft hel abel
2 EDlICATION OF AN URBAN ANTHROPOLOGIST EDUCATION OF AN URBAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 3
ofu rbaann lhropolhoagvybe e ene vemn orea thinogft he1 970t5h aonf shantytotwhnesoy.f tetnoo kl itttliemt eo po ndero vewrh ati su rbainn
thed ecapdre ecediitnT.gh efi rsboto kbe arintgh et itUlreba nA nthropology urbaann thropolaongyd,w hati sa nthropoloagboiuctai ltT .h erwea so nly
appeareidn 1 968S.i nc1e9 73a,u thoarnsd e ditohrasv (es omewhuant­ thes implaensdtl eassetl f-contSCriaonusspof sesri bolfeb asiacn thropology
imaginaluisveeidll fy o)ar n othfievre vol2uT mheesj .o urnUarlba nA nthro­ Inttoh en ewco ntexTth.e s pecialotfia enst hropo�wgyh icwhe rtea kefonr
pologyb egapnu blicaitni1 o9n7 2O.b vkluslbyyn, o wu rbaann thropologists granted aws eernes ittoi vciutlyt udriavle r',st ihtec) �scnetos osn goinegv ­
arefo rmian cgo mmuniTthye.y a pplfyo trh eiorw ns pecialsilsotit nsa n­ erydalyi fweh iccho mewsi thp articiopbasnetr vaatsia o dno minarnet­
d'fopolodgeyp anmentthse,my e eti nt heiorw nc onferenacnedsI .h ey searmceht hoda,n da readinteods esfi nper oblebmrso ad"lhyo,l istically,"
writienn os mall fpoarer aic oht hewrh ent hedyo n otw rittee xbotokst o rathterh ann arrowSluyc.h c haracteroifsm teitchsod a ndp erspective
teacsht udenatbosu tc ities. tendeto db rintgh e anthroponlootlg eiasistnt,t heU niteSdt atetsot, h e
Tot hesdee velopmreenatcst ihoanvsbe e erna thmeirx edU.r baann thro­ ethneincc latvhee,g hettwoh.i chha dc ultuarnadlo rganizacthiaornaacl­
pologays i tn ows tandcsa nc laicme rtaaicnc omplishmIetan ltssco.o n­ teriswtiitcwhsh ichhe c ould-hiinso wnc uriowuasy -feceolm fortable.
fronstesv eruanlr esolIvsesdu easn,dt heriesn og eneraaglr eemeanbotu t Uutw hatw aso ftemno sti mportainntd rawihnigm t heroef,c oursies,
itpsr ospeOcntesp .r actitsiuogngeerts htas"t u rbaann lhropoJcoagnby e ­ thatth isso rotf c ommuniitsay l sfor equenftalcyew di tsho ciparlo blems.
come' hec reatnievwcc oroef m odercno mparatsiovceia anlt hropology" PllrticAumlearrilcyua rnb aann throJX)lhoagsty husb ecomei.nT ylor's
(Cukti nd1 968:7a7n)o;t hceorn sidtehreds e limitaotfsi uocnha fiel"da I)hra"saer ,e fon'sn secriencIeth. a"s a ppliietds etloqf u estioofnh se alth
spurioaunsdr etrogronaedi ent haittt endtsom akea ne xcusfoer main­ (lnwde lfalraew,a ndj ustiscceh.oo lasn dj obst,h ep hysiecnavli ronment
wininag s ubjemcatt tcwri thian d iscipwlhiincech a nnoatn ds houlndo l linidt csh anges.
handliet ("Le eds 1972:T4o) .s omet,h et heoretaincdma elt hodological Thisi sc ertainnocl ayu sf«=,o rre greTth.ec oncewrint goho dw orkwsi ll
resourocfet sh ea nthropolotgriacdailt ion seem foirn usrubffiacrnie e­nt certairnelmyai anp arotfu rbaann thropolwohgiyc.wh e a rae ptto feelc an
.searchf;o ort hers,p rtohbeli esmp recistehlatyth en ewu rbanoloagries ts beq uitues efiunls ucahr eaIstw. o uld abeli snoe xcusfaobarln ea nthro­
,
notp ayinsgu ffichieeendtt o t hei deadse velobpyead n thropoloigins ts IlOWJgwiistthr ootsi na muehm oreh omogenesoocuise tt)os uggetshta t
othesro chcloln texTthso.s wei tsh omea warenoesfws h atgo eso ni nt he Amcricuarnb aann thropolosgihsotussl tdo p paaytitnegn ttoi tohnee thnic
sistdeirS Cipolfi nSeOC iomlaoygh ya vneo tictehda t the baansu ersb afno r qUllrteofrt sh eicri tiOebsv.i ouestlhyn icrietm)'a ianl si vfeo rcienA meri-
specialtthyt.. 'Qroerts iucbaslt anthiavveebe, e n ins omed oubtth ere. 11s1oc1i etW),h.a th ast hurse sulted, hoiwsre avtehrae, cr o mmonsense
Othermsa yh 3\m'acd et heiwra yi ndependeanntdpel ryh,a pmso rse� wly. IIrlthrotpohleqo ugayl,io rfwy h icthe ndtsob em easurmeodr eb yi tpsr ac­
towarsdi miluanrc ertaiWnhtayti. s a c onceforrn r de\'antcoes omem ay llernell evaanncder esultthsa bn yi tssh eeIrn tellewcotrutahAl.l though
bem ereo pportunitsoom t hers-"aunn dignisficerda mbtlo.e .fi nsdu bsti­ tht.'Qrectoinctarli bumtaiyor ness uflrto ms uchw orkt,h eayr el iketloby e
tutsea vagienss l umsi"nt hew ordosf R obiFno x( 1973:20). unanticibpya-tperdo ducts.
Itm ightth usse emt hautr baann thropolhoagsny o p asta.n dr eastoon ItIs a nothfearco tft hes amer ealiotfir eess eatrhcahtt h efi elodf u rban
worraybo uti tfsu turYee.tt hibsoo ki sl argreeltyr ospeacnta itvtee,mt pot fllllhrohpoalsbo egeyqn u itwei dedleyfi neMdo.r eo ftetnh anno ti ti st aken
tracseo meo ft he stteotp hse preWsheanttr .e asons tchoeurlbede f or leIin cluadletl h es tudiwehse rteh ec itiyst hel ocusr athtehra tnh ef ocus.]
sucahn u ndertaking? EIIlIIalncdpoi vteyr tfyo.er x amplmea,yo ccuirnt hec itbyu.tt heayr en ot
Fora l argpea rIts ,u bmitth,e cya nb efo undi nt hem annetrh ea nthro­ hyd efinUpihoenn ometnyap iocfat lh ec itTyh.e e uphemiussteio fc" urban
pologisetnst ertehdec itIyt.w asn ots om ucht heiorw nr eflectioovnesr I)(oblIenlpo lllist"ir chaelt oirsin oct rustwogrutihdyhe e reI.n vestigations
then aturaen ds laotfet heidri sciptlhianltee dt hemt herbeu.tr atheexr­ fIurr oonf amilliyf oer.t hea ctiviotfyi oeust gha ngosr,o ccupaticounia­l
terneavle nttsh aitn sisotnea dl lentIinoa n h.e adlornugs hi ntao fi eld tu,'In"e'l.n,< O1Ib em uchc oncerwnietdah n yi ntrinsuircbaalcnlh ya racter­
definebdy r acisatlr imfael,f unctiionnsitnigt utainodtn hse,g rowtohf hl1cc!8l luT:Ir..gl esn eroiunsc lusivoefna elsslso rtosfi ntereisdtesa,s .
OF AN N EDUCATIOONF A N URBANA NTHROPOLOGIST 5
findf indintgosg,e twhietrha relatuhn'cCo ncefronrw hatm ighbet their nlCntqaureys tiiso",nW hatI st hec ontribuotfi ounr sbtaund iteoas n thro­
commodne nominaatloscroo. n tritbout theep ictuorfae n u rbaann thropol­ pologByo?t"qh u estidoensse rtvobee asketdi.m aen dt imaeg aitnos eei f
ogyw hicshe emtso l acak c ohereunnti,fy isntgr uctoufr ei deas. newa nswemrasy be developBiuntg .t ioft hefi rsqtu estitohne rhea ve
Int hiboso kw ew iltlr tyo s orotu ts omeo ft hee lemenotfss u cahs truc­ hithebreteon m ostlsyt andaarnds wecrosn cerntihnegc haracteristics of
tureP.r obabilnye vitatbhliaysl, s loe adusst oa imfi rsotf a lflo arn urban Ilrllhrotpohleol gayt,tm eary b em oret heoretipcraolvloyc aatnidvc ea n
anthropolmoogryes tricctolnyc eivwehde,r teh ef ocuisso nu rbanism it­ l:N!rhaepnss urteh atth ec ommunicabettiwoene ng enercaolm paraatni­ve
self-whattehvisestr a temweinlttl u ronu tt om eanT.o a greaetx tewnet thropology iatbnsrd a ncihnt hec itbye commeosr eo fa t wo-wflaoyw .
wildli sregwahradta ppeatrobes meretlyh ero utipnrea ctoifca en thropol­ Ino rdetrol ivuep t oi tcsl aiomfbe ing" thsec ienocfhe u manitayn,­"
ogyw ithciint lyi miBtust.t hinse end otm eant hawte hatvoes taargta in Ihropoimougys tbe reconstrtuoci tnedc luadnea warenoefsus r balni fIet.
frosmc ratWceh c.a ng eatb elloevre rvioeftw h et errittoobe r eyx ploirfe d annot dornalwoyn r eseairncs hm aluln.c ompliccaotmedm unitmioesst,l y
we uset heo pportuniwthiiecshc omeo urw ayt oo bserivtef romt he Inn on-westerno ftp haewr otrsl Tdh.e s pecicaoln tribuotfti hoeun r ban
shouldoefrg si ants-s--(lorm etimeevse no fl illpeioep llei koeu rselIvne s. I)fltrott h ea nthropolowghioclacelo nsiosftu sn derstanodfia n rgasn goef
othewro rdsw,ew iltlr tyo p ultlo getshoemrec omponenotfsa u sabplaes t lIOCialnldcl u ltural phenoomfetneoanr n leevsefosru nde lsewhetrobe e,
fotrh eu rban anthrwoepoh lao\gi'ynem indU.r baann thropolnoegeydi st s _eeang aintshteb ackgrooufnh du manv ariatiingo enn eral.
ownh istoorfiy d eaas c,o llecctoinvsec iousonfte hsegs r owth of under· Fromt hiposi nto fv iewi,tm ustb ea ddetdh,e fl ockionfgu rbaann thro­
standicnognsc erntihneeg s sentoifat lhsec itayn dc itlyi fSeo.m eo f these pologitsott hsee thneincc lavoefos u rc itimeasy s eemt ob ea ne vasion.
understanmdaiyna glsr eabdey aov fe neraabgleeO. t herasr et hep roducts I'hemsaey b ea ss imiltaotr h e tradiatnithornoapoll orgeisceaalrs cihta es
ofa e..r.yr ecenpta stn,e n mergiwnigt ht hep reseTnth.e yh avem ade onec anfi ndi nt hec it"yu,r bavni llaigneGs a"n 'ss (196t21e1r)m s.t hIen
theaiprpe ,lrainnc ev aried caonndit tme axyto sf.t ebneh elpf(uolar t l east 1<'n1lc aseal, a rpger oportoioftn h es ociraell ationosfth hiepop psu latiiosn
intellecptlueaalslityno vg i)e twh emfi rsitn t hesOet.h erosfc, o urse, have lOl1tawiintehdti hn ee nclaTvhee. urbvainll agceorm'psa trfioortams pool
recurirnes dl iglduilfyf ergeunitsi ensm anyt imeasn dp laceMsu.c ho ft he frowmh icnho to nlhyi sn eighbbourtsa lshoi sf rienadnsdk insmeanr e
worko ft rncintgh eiirn terconneacntdci oomnbsi nitnhge mi ntao p attern drownli.n dh ei nterawcittsh thinet mh escea pacimtoisetswl yi thitnh e
remaitnosb ed one. ",HItnegrer itTohreys .ma lltehrepo pulatiiostn,h e molrieke ilsiy tt haitt
To descriwbhea t folalsao wpsa rthiiaslt oorfuy r b.1ann thropological wHIf oramd enswee bo fr elationisnwh hiipcsoh n ec ans taoruttf roomn e
thoughhto.w e\·weoru.l odn lbye i ns omew aysc orreacntd,i no thewra ys lM,:rstorna,ca e f ewl inkasn dr eturonn a circuitpoautsht ot hes ame
misleadAibonvge.a lilt w oulidm pltyoo greaatna utonofomry t hefi eld. person-aonndec and ot hibsy a n umbeorf d ifferepnatt hAss.G ansp uts
Mucho fw hatm ayb et heu sabplaes fto trh eu rbaann thropolooftg ooya y IIe,v eryomnieg ht knnootwe veryone buetlt sheek.yn ows omethaibonugt
originoantt ehdeo thesri doefa cademboiucn dariceosn,g enaisat lh ei deas everyoenles eF.u rthermotrhee.rm ea yb ec onsKieracbolnet inuoivte)r'
inq uestimoanyn ows eemt oa na nthropolopegriscpeaclt hT'hee.ym ustb e timient hesree lationasshv iiplsl.a sgeeero sne a nothdearya fterd aya nd
approprifaoterex da mpflreo mh istosroyc,i olaongdgy e,o grapThhye.r ies dQn otf requenetxlpye riesnucceh chainngt ehse ilri vaessm ustd isrupt
alstoh eq uestiooftn h er elatioonfst hhieup r babnr ancdhi sciptloia nne­ thdrt ictsoo nea notheCrh.i ldrwehno g rewu pt ogetmhaeyrw elbel, as
thropoloagsay w hole. lidulolnsea, n othefrr'ise nndesi,g hborasn,dpe rhapasf finraell atives.
Onec anp erhaspeseu rbaann thropoloegiistthsae sru rbanolowgiitsht s
Alelt hnqiuca rtaerrcns o tl ikteh iTso.c ontribmuatxei matlolt yh ee th­
a particsuelotaf rt oolso,ra sa nthropolosgtiusdtysai npga rtickuilnaodrf uUKrnpIhh1i1clo rwahmiaci hso neo ft heg reatest roefsa onutrhcrleosopo gy,
sociaalr rangemTehnett .w ow ayso fl ookinagtt heiwro rka rcn ott otally .
l\(Jwc\'er, anthrocpiotpeylr ohgaipossut gsh ttoog f h 'm,euh ceh o ft heaitr·
unrelabtuetsd u ggedsitf ferent eImbp ehlaisemevusec. h r eceunrtb aann ·
Il'ndotnot hev eroyp posiotfet heu rbavni llaWgee t.e n1d0 t hinokft he
thropololgeyn dist semlofs tltyot hef ormevri ewi;t qsu estihoansb een �hyr uthaesra placweh erpeeo pldeo n otk nowo nea nothteOOr w eU( at
"Wilaitst hec ontribuotfai notnh ropoltooug ryb asnt udieTsh?ec" o mple-
IruiltI n1l1l0l1: wdhleyr)1e,1 11110:11 acaqrueda iisnctoavnrecareteshd e r than
6 EDUCAITONO F AONR BANA NTHROLPOOGIST EDUCATIOONF A N URBANA NTHROPOLOGIST 7
assumeadn,dw herqeu icpka ssamgBesybe made throutghhes ocisatlr uc­ furw hiciht i sp ractitcoha alv ae c ommodne signaNteiiotnh.me orr en or
tureA.g aintshti istm aybe heltdh astu cphh enomeanraer ealnloym ore 1('1Is1w haItt hinskh oubkelc laimfeodur r baann thropolIotigy s.a recog­
lypiocfat Jh ec ittyh aJns t heu rbavni llaTghei.sm aybe truien o new ay Ilbobslpeec ializabtuitao ttn h,e s amet imaen i ntegpraarlot f a nthropol­
buti sq uitbees idteh epo inti na nothTehre.r ies a s ensienw hicwhe a re OfIy·
liJ.:etloay g ree IhaBtr e"t mhoeryuer bant"h atnh eu rbavni llage-atrhee y On theo thehra nda, concewrint ht he intelcloencttruiablu otfi on
morlei ketlobey foundi nt hec ittyh aenl sewheIrfte r.u eo [u0ra nthropo­ urbasnt uditeoas n thropolcoogyu kl seleimkm ee rea cademicai rsemt,r eat
logiehaelr itwaege B rem orec oncernweidt hf ormv ariattihoannws i th rl'Ol'nr elevaOnnceem. a yr espontdo t hiosb jectfiirosontf a ltlh atth ere is
averagietis s,i nt hisse nsteh eayr ei mportaanstm anifestatoifou nrs­ (\lOfmo rm oret haon neu rbaann thropolAotgl ye.a asttt hiesa rlsyt age,
banism. ctrtaiwnels yh,o ulbe dp reparteold e att housa8n0dw ergsr owa,n dh ope
Throughotuhtibo so k,O Ufi nquirwiieltslh ubse d irecttoewda rd iden­ .hotlh ewyi lfiln dw ayso ffl ourishiintn hge c oncreetnev ironmBeuntt .
tifying paritnisciuglthahtrast t h es tudoyfc itlyi fcea no ffetro a nthropol­ furthermoonreme a,y r eplthya tth ea nthropolwohgoisSfiele lidsi nB oston
ogy. tAhtes amel imietm ustb eu ndersttoodh aotu rv erwya yo fs electing orB erloiung htto h avaes m ucho ra sl ittolfae l icense-whicwhaeyv er
andc onceptualizing mpahyei nni otmseebnleaaf c ontribuotfai notnh ro­ onew antist -tcou ltivhaitsce u riosfiotiryt o sw ns akaes h ew hogoe s to
pologtyo u rbasnt udiUersb.a ann thropolotghiocuaglih stf undamentally liavmeo ntgh Beo ngBoo ngToo.t hinokt herwwiosuel sde etmo s macokfe th­
anthropolotghiocuaglhB to.t whh atm ayb eo rigianbaolui tta ndw hatw ill .o.c entrihsomw,e vwecrl l-intenTtriuoeni,efB d o.S loonrB erlhianp pened
be borrowferdo mo thesro urc(easn tdh ereapofstseirb tlrya nsforamreed ) 10b ep arotfo ne'osw nh omes ocieotnycm, a yb eb ettaebrl teop latyh ea c­
determibnyedt hec onfrontoaftt ihoean n thropolomgiincda l wiurtbha n linpa:r otf a na nthropologistt-haadonvn oceac taend ow heroen ei s" only
realitTiheissm. a yt uronu tt ob ea somewhpaatr adoxeixcpearli meinnt III.hllYlegtt. h"e rsee emkls bel ittle diiffnep rreinnccei ple breet­ween
thead aptabiolfia tnyt hropoloagincaally sAifst.ed re cadoefsw orki nc on­ Jectitnhga rto lweh ilset ayihnogm ea nd avoiidtbi yng go intgo B ongo
structai cnogn ceptaupapla rafotru st heu nderstanodfdi insgt atnrta di­ UOllgo.
tionsaocli Cliceosn,s tanftelayr itnhgem oraaln di ntelleccatputailvo ift y Naturawlelm ya ya lsoh opet haat m orec ritiactatle nttioto hne oarnyd
ethnocentrwiesn mo,w f acIeh ete sotft heap paraitnuo su ro wnc itiIetss. l'OllCeptualiintz haetm ieoent ignrgo unodfsa nthropolaongydu rbanism
effecItw so,u ldh ope,w oulidn clutdheed evelopmoefin dte awsh iccho uld l'uOldl ead1 0a m ore powermfuolr,ee x actclayl ibrpartaecdt aipcpall ication
provvea luaibnlo et hearr enoafsa nthropoJaoswg eyl la,l thoutghhen ature ofa nthropoltogyou rbaanff airAsn.d ,i nad ditiowne,s hounlodt f aliln to
ofu rbalni fmea ys howt heiurs efulnienps asr ticularlyw adyrsa.m atic thet raopf s eeing only ancaardreomwwilocyr ka,n de qually narrowly
I wouledx petchte p erspectsikveet chheedr teo s atitshfyo saen thropol­ dcfinl-d invionpl iveecmeemnsetoca ila eln gineeraisIn hge,o nlayl terna­
ogiswthso a rec ritiocfta hlen otioofna nu rbaann thropolboegcya utshee y tiVfea5c ianngt hropologTihsert esl.e vaonfca en thropolloigeaysl sion i ts
feetlh aitt dsi fferentwiiattahi l oanbe,ol fi tosw n, womualrdki tsse ces­ (JOtCln1oltai lllwla,ry esa lizoefmd a,k inpego plree 8eocntt hev ariability of
siofnr omt hem other discTihpelyai rncce o.n cerntehdat th ee stablish­ thheu man conditoinot nh eaionrwdn p articsuiltaura tion.
mento fa separaitdee ntwiotuyl lde atdo a rejectoifao nnt hropological II 11leglhatbo raatl ei totnlt eh iposw ero fa �thropolIong1 y9.3 a5n,E n­
methoda ndt heoarsyu nsuitatbou lreb asnt udiTehsi.is s o bviounsoltmy y KII5,aht irCihsatr,l Deusf fp,u blisahneA dn thropolReopgoircotan al Lon­
conceptoifuo rnb aann thropolAosga y b.r ancohfa nthropoluorgbya,an n ­ rluSllll hII' plarrhe,xo flw yh ata na nthropoloogft ihsattt i mmei ghhta vteo
thropoloigsny o m ores eparate sttuhdainoe fs,s ayp,e asaonrtn omad .lIwye reh et ot urhni sa ttenttioho inso wns ocietTyo .f"o llPorwo fessor
societiNeosb.od ys uggetshtastt h ea nthropolosgilcuadloy fp easants has Vhklllhlclrniirch ewstkhio,ft i ctive "eminent wshcoisneean mtei st" in
divorced friotmasn etlhfr opolporgyo penro;b odyd enitehsa atn thropology
l)uwlrTo te:
hasbe nefitefdr otmh eg rowtohfp easasnttu diwehsi cnho ts ol onagg oa lso
Ih... . .elolr-M Imni:r.:r oIps/o lio0ognly1o) o ·n t·cwrintethJh en akesda vagbeu,t
constilaun teedw emerging Yientta ettr heess atm.et imiet i sr ecognized
willli!l ntU'Ifir l Iw ornaInIp Il ufsou rosre vr-ndirnegs Tso.t het rumea no f
thatth es tudoyfp easasnotc ieitniveosl av celsu stoefcr o ncepatnsdi deas ....i.. nlflI trn �lItl'irl�wl hIcet hheerI sl lclIlwIintgsh u burobrj unglmeod,e rn