Exploring psychology

836 Pages·2014·47.049 MB·English

by  David G. Myers

xploring
E
P S Y C H O LO G Y
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xploring
E
P S Y C H O LO G Y
NINTH EDITION

INTERNATIONAL EDITION
David G. Myers
Hope College
Holland, Michigan
Special Contributor
C. Nathan DeWall
, University of Kentucky
WORTH PUBLISHERS
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Photo Credits:
Cover: Profi le of smiling woman: JGI/Jamie Grill/Getty
Images; Man taking a photo: Pedro Vidal/Shutterstock; Mother with baby daughter: Erik
Isakson/age fotostock; Circus juggler: RubberBall/SuperStock; Chapter 1: pp. viii,
xlii–1, 31, 33: Spiral: Charles Yuen; Water: Photodisc/Getty Images; Rabbit: Mike Kemp/
Getty Images; Magnifying glass: Charles Yuen; MRI: Living Art Enterprises, LLC/Photo
Senior Vice President, Editorial and Production: Researchers, Inc.; Infant: Lane Oatey/Getty Images; Man holding boxes: Erik Isakson/
Catherine Woods age fotostock; Girl studying: OJO Images Ltd/Alamy. Chapter 2: pp. viii, 34–35 and
Publisher: Kevin Feyen 72, 75: Circuit boards: Charles Yuen; Female kicking: Lev Olkha /Shutterstock; Fox: Eric
Executive Marketing Manager: Katherine Nurre Isselée/Shutterstock; Brain scan: Zephyr/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Butterfl y: Dim154/
Development Editors: Christine Brune, Nancy Fleming Shutterstock. Chapter 3: pp. ix, 76–77 and 113, 115: Butterfl ies: Svetlana Larina/
Director of Print and Digital Development: Tracey Kuehn istockphoto; Butterfl ies: polarica/istockphoto; Cup of coffee: Vasca/Shutterstock; Sleeping
Media Editor: Elizabeth Block toddler: swissmacky/Shutterstock; Woman meditating: INSADCO Photography/Alamy.
Supplements Editors: Betty Probert, Nadina Persaud Chapter 4: pp. ix, 116–117 and 159, 161: Bucket in sand: René/istockphoto; Beach and
Photo Editor: Bianca Moscatelli palm tree: Charles Yuen; Beach ball: WendellandCarolyn/istockphoto; Mother helping daugh-
Photo Researcher: Donna Ranieri ter with homework: Indeed/Getty Images; Teens texting: Allan Shoemake/Getty Images;
Art Director: Babs Reingold Bride and groom: bluehand/Shutterstock; Mother holding baby: Erik Isakson/age fotostock;
Cover Designers: Lyndall Culbertson and Babs Reingold Baby being fed with spoon: Asia Images/Getty Images. Chapter 5: pp. ix, 162–163 and
Interior and Chapter Opener Designer: Charles Yuen 187, 189: Petri dish: Samuel Ashfi eld/Photo Researchers, Inc.; Chromosomes: Pasieka/
Layout Designer: Lee Ann McKevitt Photo Researchers, Inc.; Swans: The Boston Globe/John Tlumacki; Dad and child: MGP/
Cover Photo Illustrator: Lyndall Culbertson Getty Images; Teenagers of different heights: Rob Lewine/Getty Images; She-male: vita
Associate Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne khorzhevska/Shutterstock; Teenage couple: Petrenko Andriy/Shutterstock. Chapter 6: pp. x,
Project Editor: Jeanine Furino 190–191 and 232, 235: Herbs: Ivonne Wierink/Shutterstock; Herbs: Margrit Hirsch/
Marketing Assistant: Julie Tompkins Shutterstock; Citrus: Lauren Burke/Jupiterimages; Man with cello: sbarabu/Shutterstock;
Illustration Coordinators: Bill Page, Janice Donnola Child kissing mother’s face: Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc./Blend Images/Corbis; Woman holding
Illustrations: TSI Graphics, Keith Kasnot, Todd Buck fl ower: Asia Images Group/Superstock. Chapter 7: pp. x, 236–237 and 267, 269: Nest
Production Manager: Sarah Segal with eggs: Duncan Usher/Foto Natura/Getty Images; Trees: Yuriy Kulyk/Shutterstock,
Composition: TSI Graphics Tungphoto/Shutterstock, irin-k/Shutterstock, Perfect Picture Parts/Alamy; Cat: Eric
Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley Isselée/Shutterstock; Pigeon: Vitaly Titov & Maria SideInikova/Shutterstock; Kids playing
videogames: Stanislav Sointsev/Getty Images; Dog doing stunts: Marina Jay/Shutterstock;
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012948473 Girl on laptop: Lauren Burke/Getty Images; People with books on heads: Image Source/
SuperStock. Chapter 8: pp. xi, 270–271 and 301, 303: Film strips: Charles Yuen; Mouse
Hardcover: trap: Darren Matthews/Alamy; Cookie: Jean Sandler/FeaturePics; Girl studying: Sigrid
ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-6679-6 Olsson/PhotoAlto/Corbis; Man taking photo: Pedro Vidal/Shutterstock; Hot air balloon:
ISBN-10: 1-4292-6679-1 D. Hurst/Alamy. Chapter 9: pp. xi, 304–305 and 347, 349: Various balls: Charles Yuen;
Paperback: Woman running hurdles: Ocean/Corbis; Man doing crossword: Ann Baldwin/Shutterstock;
ISBN-13: 978-1-4641-1172-3 Puzzle pieces: Alexey Lebedev/Shutterstock; Woman shooting basketball: Blend Images/
ISBN-10: 1-4641-1172-3 Jupiterimages; Man playing saxophone: Masterfi le (Royalty-Free Division); Elephant:
Loose-Leaf: Johan Swanepoel/Alamy. Chapter 10: pp. xii, 350–351 and 386: Vietnam landscape:
ISBN-13: 978-1-4641-0840-2 Charles Yuen; Girl using cell phone: Thomas Northcut/Jupiterimages; Woman on treadmill:
ISBN-10: 1-4641-0840-4 PhotoObjects.net/Jupiterimages; Teenage boys: Photodisc/Jupiterimages; Woman with arms
PI edition: raised: Mark Andersen/agefotostock. Chapter 11: pp. xii, 389–390 and 419, 421: Fruit
ISBN-13: 978-1-4641-4705-0 and vegetables: Charles Yuen; Two women laughing: Mark Andersen/Getty Images; Man look-
ISBN-10: 1-4641-4705-1 ing angry: PhotoSpin, Inc./Alamy; Man kissing dog: Photos.com/Getty Images; Man medi-
tating: Dean Mitchell/Shutterstock; Woman touching ground: IMAGEMORE/agefotostock:
© 2014, 2011, 2008, 2005 by Worth Publishers Nun praying: PhotosIndia.com LLC/Alamy; Tissues, aspirin: D. Hurst/Alamy. Chapter 12:
pp. xiii, 422–423 and 453, 455: Masks: Charles Yuen, Bartosz Hadyniak/istockphoto,
All rights reserved. Perry Correll/Shutterstock, brytta/istockphoto, Hemera Technologies/Jupiterimages;
Happy dog: Erik Lam/Shutterstock; Centaur: Liquidlibrary/Jupiterimages; Girl: Timothy
Printed in the United States of America Large/Shutterstock; Circus juggler: RubberBall/Superstock. Chapter 13: pp. xiii,
456–457 and 501, 503: Aerial beach scene: Brand X Pictures; Football: Todd Taulman/
All royalties from the sale of this book are assigned to the Shutterstock; Blog links: Lada Adamic and Natalie Glance; Wrench: Punchstock/Corbis;
David and Carol Myers Foundation, which exists to receive Gaming console: Microsoft Corporation; Tattooed arm: David Katzenstein/Photolibrary;
and distribute funds to other charitable organizations. Dancing couple: Photodisc/Jupiterimages. Chapter 14: pp. xiii, 504–505 and 541: Upset
woman: Wavebreakmedia Ltd/Jupiterimages; Eyes: Blend Images/Alamy, Photodisc/
Worth Publishers Macmillan Higher Education Getty Images; Tarantula: Martin Harvey/Jupiterimages; Snake: Hemera Technologies/
41 Madison Avenue Houndmills, Basingstoke Jupiterimages; Blindfolded woman leading man: Erik Isakson/age footstock; Depressed man:
New York, NY 10010 RG21 6XS, England Image Source/Getty Images. Chapter 15: pp. xiv, 544–545 and 578, 580: Crocus fl ow-
www.worthpublishers.com www.macmillanhighered.com/ ers through snow: Myotis/Shutterstock; Couple on bicycle: RubberBall/SuperStock; Healthy
international woman: RubberBall/Nicole Hill/Jupiterimages; People in rainforest: Randy Faris/Corbis.
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For Sara Neevel
with gratitude for your meticulous
support, and for your friendship
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vi PREFACE
AABBOOUUTT TTHHEE AAUUTTHHOORR
DAVID MYERS
received his psychology Ph.D. from the Univer-
sity of Iowa. He has spent his career at Hope College in Michigan, where
he has taught dozens of introductory psychology sections. Hope College
students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted
him “outstanding professor.”
His research and writings have been recognized by the Gordon Allport
Intergroup Relations Prize, by a 2010 Honored Scientist award from the
Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences, by a 2010
Award for Service on Behalf of Personality and Social Psychology, and
by three honorary doctorates.
Myers’ scientific articles have, with support from National Science Foun-
dation grants, appeared in three dozen scientific periodicals, including
Science, American Scientist, Psychological Science, and the American Psycholo-
gist. In addition to his scholarly writing and his textbooks for introduc-
tory and social psychology, he also digests psychological science for the
general public. His writings have appeared in four dozen magazines,
from Today’s Education to Scientific American. He also has authored five
general audience books, including The Pursuit of Happiness and Intuition:
Its Powers and Perils.
David Myers has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped
found a thriving assistance center for families in poverty, and spoken to
hundreds of college and community groups. Drawing on his experience,
he also has written three dozen articles and a book (A Quiet World) about
hearing loss, and he is advocating a transformation in American assis-
tive listening technology (see www.hearingloop.org). For his leadership,
he received an American Academy of Audiology Presidential Award in
2011, and the Hearing Loss Association of America Walter T. Ridder
Award in 2012.
He bikes to work year-round and plays regular pick-up basketball. David
and Carol Myers have raised two sons and a daughter, and have one
granddaughter.
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PREFACE vii
BRIEF CONTENTS
Preface
. . . xv
Time Management: Or, How to Be a
Great Student and Still Have a Life
. . . xxxiv
T hinking Critically With Psychological Science
CHAPTER 1 . . . 1
The Biology of Behavior
CHAPTER 2 . . . 35
C onsciousness and the Two-Track Mind
CHAPTER 3 . . . 77
Developing Through the Life Span
CHAPTER 4 . . . 117
Gender and Sexuality
CHAPTER 5 . . . 163
Sensation and Perception
CHAPTER 6 . . . 191
Learning
CHAPTER 7 . . . 237
Memory
CHAPTER 8 . . . 271
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
CHAPTER 9 . . . 305
Motivation and Emotion
CHAPTER 10 . . . 351
Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing
CHAPTER 11 . . . 389
Personality
CHAPTER 12 . . . 423
Social Psychology
CHAPTER 13 . . . 457
Psychological Disorders
CHAPTER 14 . . . 505
Therapy
CHAPTER 15 . . . 545
Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life
APPENDIX A . . . A-1
Psychology at Work
APPENDIX B . . . B-1
Subfi elds of Psychology
APPENDIX C . . . C-1
Complete Chapter Reviews
APPENDIX D . . . D-1
Answers to Experience the Testing Effect Questions
APPENDIX E . . . E-1
Glossary
. . . G-1
References
. . . R-1
Name Index
. . . NI-1
Subject Index
. . . SI-1
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CCOONNTTEENNTTSS
Preface . . . xv
The Biology
Time Management: Or, How to Be
of Behavior
a Great Student and Still Have a Life . . . xxxiv . . . 35
Thinking
2
Critically With
Psychological
CHAPTER
Science
. . . 1
Biology and Behavior . . . 36
1
Neural Communication . . . 36
CHAPTER Neurons . . . 36
The Neural Impulse . . . 37
What Is Psychology? . . . 2 How Neurons Communicate . . . 38
Psychology’s Roots . . . 2 How Neurotransmitters Infl uence Us . . . 40
Contemporary Psychology . . . 5 The Nervous System . . . 41
Psychology’s Biggest Question . . . 5 The Peripheral Nervous System . . . 42
Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis . . . 6 The Central Nervous System . . . 44
Psychology’s Subfi elds . . . 8 The Endocrine System . . . 45
The Need for Psychological Science . . . 10 The Brain . . . 46
What About Intuition and Common Sense? . . . 10
Older Brain Structures . . . 47
The Scientifi c Attitude: Curious, Skeptical, and
CLOSE UP: The Tools of Discovery—Having Our
Humble . . . 13
Head Examined . . . . 48
Critical Thinking . . . 15
The Cerebral Cortex . . . 53
How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Our Divided Brain . . . 59
Questions? . . . 15 Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain . . . 61
The Scientifi c Method . . . 15 Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual
Description . . . 17 Differences . . . 62
Correlation . . . 20
Genes: Our Codes for Life . . . 62
Experimentation . . . 22
Twins and Adoption Studies . . . 63
Frequently Asked Questions About Gene-Environment Interaction . . . 67
Psychology . . . 25 Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human
Improve Your Retention—and Your Grades . . . 29 Nature . . . 68
Natural Selection and Adaptation . . . 69
Evolutionary Success Helps Explain
Similarities . . . 70
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