Exploring Criminal Justice in Canada PDF
Preview Exploring Criminal Justice in Canada
SECOND EDITION EXPLORING CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CANADA RICK RUDDELL Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries. Published in Canada by Oxford University Press 8 Sampson Mews, Suite 204, Don Mills, Ontario M3C 0H5 Canada www.oupcanada.com Copyright © Oxford University Press Canada 2020 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First Edition published in 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Permissions Department at the address above or through the following url: www.oupcanada.com/permission/permission_request.php Every effort has been made to determine and contact copyright holders. In the case of any omissions, the publisher will be pleased to make suitable acknowledgement in future editions. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Title: Exploring criminal justice in Canada / Rick Ruddell. Names: Ruddell, Rick, 1961- author. Description: Second edition. Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190165367 | Canadiana (ebook) 20190165596 | ISBN 9780199033751 (softcover) | ISBN 9780199039173 (loose leaf) | ISBN 9780199033768 (EPUB) Subjects: LCSH: Criminal justice, Administration of—Canada—Textbooks. | LCSH: Criminology —Canada—Textbooks. | LCGFT: Textbooks. Classification: LCC HV9960.C2 R84 2020 | DDC 364.971—dc23 Cover image: © iStock/ChristopheLedent Cover design: Sherill Chapman Interior design: Laurie McGregor Brief Contents From the Publisher Preface and Acknowledgements PART I | Foundations An Introduction to Crime and Justice Crime in Canada PART II | Controlling and Policing Crime Controlling Crime Police Organization and Structure Police Activities, Operations, and Challenges PART III | The Law and The Courts Criminal Law Criminal Courts and Court Personnel Sentencing PART IV | Corrections Provincial Corrections: Probation and Short- term Incarceration Federal Corrections PART V Youth Justice Youth Justice in Canada PART VI Looking Forward Looking Forward: Criminal Justice in the Twenty-First Century Glossary References Index ONLINE CHAPTER Victimization Contents From the Publisher Preface and Acknowledgements PART I | Foundations An Introduction to Crime and Justice Learning Outline Case Study Introduction Crime and Law Public (Criminal) and Private Law The Criminal Code of Canada Federal, Provincial, and Municipal Legislation Classifying Crime The Structure of the Criminal Justice System Police Courts Corrections Common Elements in the Criminal Justice System Discretion Filtering Goals of the Criminal Justice System Preventing Crime Protecting the Public Supporting the Victims of Crime, Their Families, and Witnesses Holding Offenders Responsible Helping Prisoners Return to the Community Crime Control and Due Process Models Crime Control Model Due Process Model Summary Review Questions Discussion Questions Internet Site Cases Cited Crime in Canada Learning Outline Case Study Introduction Five Types of Crime Crimes against the Person Property Crimes Crimes of the Powerful Organized Crime and Gangs Antisocial Behaviour Measuring Crime Crime Rates from the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey Canada’s Crime Severity Index Victimization Surveys Limitations of Victimization Data Limitations of Police-Reported Crime Statistics Self-Reported Crime Regulating Traffic: Should Bad Driving Be a Crime? Understanding Crime Distribution Summary Review Questions Discussion Questions Internet Site Cases Cited PART II | Controlling and Policing Crime Controlling Crime Learning Outline Case Study Introduction Crime Control Philosophies “Tough on Crime” Practices: Retribution, Deterrence, and Incapacitation Reforming Offenders: Restitution, Rehabilitation, and Restorative Justice Conflict Perspective Public Opinion, the Media, and Punishment Criminal Justice and the Indigenous Peoples of Canada Summary Review Questions Discussion Questions Internet Site Case Cited Police Organization and Structure Learning Outline Case Study Introduction The Evolution of Canadian Policing Pre-Modern Era (Prior to 1820) Political Era (1820 to 1940) Professional Era (1940 to 1980) Community Policing Era (1980 to the Present) Police Structure in Canada Police Consolidation Policing: An Expensive Proposition Police Strength Rural Policing Role of the Police in Canada Crime Prevention Law Enforcement Maintaining the Public Peace Emergency Response Assistance to Victims of Crime Summary Review Questions Discussion Questions Internet Sites Case Cited Police Activities, Operations, and Challenges Learning Outline Case Study Introduction Police Allocation Police Chain of Command and Police Officer Ranks
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