Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field PDF
Preview Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field
Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field Second Edition Edited by Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo Department of Life and Earth Sciences Perimeter College at Georgia State University Decatur, GA, United States Susan W. Margulis Department of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation Department of Biology Canisius College Buffalo, NY, United States AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-821410-7 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitourwebsiteat https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CharlotteCockle AcquisitionsEditor:AnnaValutkevich EditorialProjectManager:ColeNewman ProductionProjectManager:KiruthikaGovindaraju CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbyTNQTechnologies This volume is dedicated to the memories of Penny Bernstein and Susan Foster. Both were past chairs of the education committee of the Animal Behavior Society (ABS); both demonstrated a long-term commitment to the teaching of animal behavior, and to ABS; and they will be greatly missed. Contents Contributors..........................................................................................xxi Preface................................................................................................xxv PART 1 Describing behavior CHAPTER 1 A question of behaviors: how to design, test, and use an ethogram.............................................3 Olivia S.B.Spagnuolo, DarrenC. Incorvaia, Elizabeth Tinsley Johnson andEilaK. Roberts Part I.Studentinstructions................................................4 Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...................4 Background...............................................................4 Purpose.....................................................................7 Methods....................................................................7 Step-by-step instructions..............................................8 Results/discussion.....................................................11 Paper instructions.....................................................13 Conclusions.............................................................14 References...............................................................14 Part II. Instructor notes...................................................15 Classroom management/blocksof analysis....................15 Teaching the activity.................................................15 Part III. Supplementalmaterial.........................................17 CHAPTER 2 Consistency in data collection: creating operational definitions.........................................19 Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo Part I.Studentinstructions..............................................20 Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts.................20 Background.............................................................20 Purpose...................................................................21 Methods..................................................................22 Step-by-step instructions............................................22 Results/dataanalysis.................................................24 Discussion questions.................................................26 References...............................................................27 Part II. Facultyinstructions..............................................28 Classroom management.............................................28 Teaching the activity.................................................28 vii viii Contents In-class preparation...................................................29 Answer key.............................................................30 PartIII. Supplemental material.........................................31 CHAPTER 3 Observation and inference in observing human and nonhuman behavior............................33 Susan W. Margulis andPenny L. Bernstein PartI. Studentinstructions..............................................34 Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts.................34 Background.............................................................34 Purpose...................................................................36 Part1:Observing Human smiles.................................36 Part2.Observation and inferencewhen observing nonhuman animals....................................................40 Acknowledgments.....................................................41 References...............................................................42 PartII. Instructor notes...................................................43 Classroom management/blocks ofanalysis....................43 Teaching the activity.................................................43 PartIII. Supplemental material.........................................47 CHAPTER 4 A matter of time: comparing observation methods...............................................................49 DavidM.Powell and Eli A. Baskir PartI. Studentinstructions..............................................50 Learninggoalsand objectives.....................................50 Background.............................................................50 Purpose...................................................................52 Behavioral“rules”....................................................52 Methods..................................................................54 Results and discussion...............................................55 References...............................................................56 PartII. Instructor notes...................................................57 Classroom management.............................................57 Teaching the activity (preclass preparation)...................57 Teaching the activity (in-class preparation)...................58 Answers togeneral questions for students.....................61 PartIII. Supplementary materials.....................................61 Contents ix CHAPTER 5 Who is taking whom for a walk? An observational study of dogehuman interactions.........................63 Jennifer Mather Part I.Studentinstructions..............................................63 Background.............................................................64 Purpose...................................................................65 Methods..................................................................65 Results/discussion.....................................................66 Questions................................................................67 References...............................................................67 Part II. Instructor notes...................................................68 Classroom management.............................................68 Question answers......................................................69 Part III. Supplementary material.......................................70 CHAPTER 6 Movement analysis: expanding the resolution of analysis in animal behavior..............................71 Afra Foroudand Sergio M.Pellis Part I.Studentinstructions..............................................72 Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts.................72 Background information............................................72 Purpose...................................................................74 Methods..................................................................74 Learning exercise 1: the EshkoleWachman Movement Notation sphere........................................................77 Learning exercise 2: partnerwise orientation..................82 Learning exercise 3: opposition...................................87 The EshkoleWachmanMovement Notationactivity.......87 Results/discussion.....................................................91 Acknowledgment......................................................92 References...............................................................92 Part II. Instructor notes...................................................94 Classroom management/blocksof analysis....................94 Teaching the activity.................................................94 Modifications tothe activity.......................................95 Areas of potential confusion or difficultyfor students.....96 Recommendations for extensionsor continuations for more advanced classes..........................................97 Answerkey...........................................................102 Part III. Supplementary material......................................104 x Contents PART 2 Theory of behavior CHAPTER 7 The evolution of behavior: a phylogenetic approach...........................................................107 J. Jordan Price andKen Yasukawa PartI. Studentinstructions.............................................108 Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts...............108 Background...........................................................108 Building and interpreting phylogenetic trees................109 Using phylogenies toreconstruct the evolutionof behaviors...............................................................112 Purpose.................................................................113 Methods................................................................113 Activity 1:Whole-class exercise................................114 Definingcharacter states..........................................116 Mapping characters onto the tree...............................117 Results/discussion...................................................117 Questions for in-class discussion...............................118 Activity 2:Small-group projects................................119 References.............................................................119 PartII. Instructor notes..................................................121 Classroom management/blocks ofanalysis..................121 Teaching the activity...............................................121 Areas ofpotential confusion ordifficulty for students...123 Another potential modification to the activity..............124 Answers tothe questionsfor in-class discussion...........124 Appendix: Using Mesquite.......................................126 Creatingand editing trees.........................................128 Discrete character state reconstructionusing parsimony.............................................................129 CHAPTER 8 Examining variability in the song of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)....................................131 Douglas W. Wacker PartI. Studentinstructions.............................................132 Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts...............132 Background...........................................................132 Purpose.................................................................133 Methods................................................................133 Contents xi Step-by-step instructions..........................................134 Results/discussion...................................................139 References.............................................................140 Part II. Instructor notes..................................................142 Classroom management/blocksof analysis..................142 Teaching the activity...............................................142 Answerkey...........................................................144 Part III. Supplementary material data sheets......................146 CHAPTER 9 Learning to be winners and losers: agonistic behavior in crayfish.............................147 Elizabeth M.JakobandChadD. Hoefler Part I.Studentinstructions.............................................148 Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...............148 Background...........................................................148 Purpose.................................................................148 Methods................................................................149 Step-by-step instructions..........................................149 Results/discussion...................................................152 For further discussion..............................................152 References.............................................................153 Part II. Instructor notes..................................................154 Classroom management...........................................154 Teaching the activity...............................................154 Answerkeyfor discussionquestions..........................155 Optional extensions.................................................156 Part III. Supplementary material......................................156 CHAPTER 10 Love is blind: investigating the perceptual world of a courting parasitoid.............................157 Robert W. MatthewsandJanice R. Matthews Part I.Studentinstructions.............................................158 Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...............158 Background information..........................................158 Purpose.................................................................159 Methods andmaterials.............................................160 Part 1. Observing interactions...................................161 Part 2. Observing Melittobia sexualbehaviors.............164 Part 3. Determining courtship attractioncues...............166 xii Contents Part4.Results and data analysis................................170 Questions for discussion..........................................171 PartII. Instructor notes..................................................173 Classroom management...........................................173 Teaching the activity...............................................173 In-class preparation.................................................178 Sample observational results.....................................180 Sample numerical results.........................................185 Answer keyto “questionsfor discussion”...................186 References.............................................................191 PartIII. Supplementary material......................................192 CHAPTER 11 Are squirrels and ants smart shoppers? How foraging choices may meet current and future needs................................................193 SylviaL. Halkin and Alicia M. Bray PartI. Studentinstructions.............................................194 Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts...............194 Background...........................................................194 Purpose.................................................................196 Methods................................................................196 Option1:Squirrels..................................................197 Option2:Ants (family:Formicidae)..........................205 Questions for discussion..........................................211 Acknowledgments...................................................212 References.............................................................212 Further reading.......................................................214 PartII. Instructor notes..................................................215 Squirrels...............................................................215 Ants(family:Formicidae)........................................224 Answers todiscussion questions (these applyto both the squirrelandthe ant exercises).......................228 PartIII. Supplementary material......................................230 CHAPTER 12 Predators strike and prey counterstrike..............231 Eduardo Bessa PartI. Studentinstructions.............................................232 Learninggoals,objectives,andkeyconcepts...............232 Background...........................................................232 Purpose.................................................................233 Methods................................................................233 Materials...............................................................233 Contents xiii Procedure..............................................................233 Results/discussion...................................................234 Questions..............................................................235 References.............................................................235 Part II. Instructor notes..................................................237 Classroom management/blocksof analysis..................237 Materials...............................................................237 Data analysis.........................................................238 Areas of potential confusion or difficultyfor students...238 Recommendations for extensionsor continuationsfor more advanced classes.............................................239 Answerkey...........................................................239 Part III. Supplementary material......................................240 CHAPTER 13 The circle game: intergenerational transmission and modification of solutions to a universal need............................................241 AndrewGoldklank Fulmer Part I.Studentinstructions.............................................242 Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...............242 Background...........................................................242 Purpose.................................................................243 Methods................................................................243 Results/discussion...................................................244 Discussion questions...............................................244 Acknowledgement..................................................245 References.............................................................245 Part II. Instructor notes..................................................246 Classroom management/blocksof analysis..................246 Teaching the activity...............................................246 Samples of results...................................................247 Discussion questions...............................................248 CHAPTER 14 Demonstrating strategies for solving the prisoner’s dilemma.............................................251 Heather Zimbler-DeLorenzo and Kathleen Morgan Part I.Studentinstructions.............................................252 Learning goals, objectives,and keyconcepts...............252 Background...........................................................252 Purpose.................................................................255 Methods................................................................255 Results anddiscussion.............................................258
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