Exploratory Factor Analysis PDF
Preview Exploratory Factor Analysis
exploratory factor analysis 00-Fabriger-prelims.indd i 10/20/2011 5:03:22 PM SERIES IN UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS natasha beretvas Series Editor SERIES IN UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENT natasha beretvas Series Editor SERIES IN UNDERSTANDING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH patricia leavy Series Editor Understanding Statistics Understanding Qualitative Research Exploratory Factor Analysis Oral History Leandre R. Fabrigar and Duane Patricia Leavy T. Wegener Fundamentals of Qualitative Research Understanding Measurement Johnny Saldaña Item Response Th eory Christine DeMars Reliability Patrick Meyer 00-Fabriger-prelims.indd ii 10/20/2011 5:03:27 PM leandre r. fabrigar and duane t. wegener E X P L O R AT O RY FA C T O R A N A LYS I S 1 00-Fabriger-prelims.indd iii 10/20/2011 5:03:27 PM 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fabrigar, Leandre R. Exploratory factor analysis / Leandre R. Fabrigar and Duane T. Wegener. p. cm. — (Understanding statistics) ISBN 978–0–19–973417–7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Factor analysis. 2. Psychology—Mathematical models. 3. Social sciences—Mathematical models. I. Wegener, Duane Th eodore. II. Title. BF39.F23 2012 001.4′22—dc22 2011008725 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 00-Fabriger-prelims.indd iv 10/20/2011 5:03:28 PM acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the contributions to this book of two highly valued mentors and friends: Robert (Bud) C. M acCallum and Michael W. Browne. Bud and Michael fi rst introduced us to factor analysis and other forms of latent variable modeling in the many graduate courses on quan- titative methods that we took under their instruction. Th roughout our careers, they have continued to infl uence our thinking regarding quanti- tative methods. Th is book refl ects their views on factor analysis in many ways, some of which are directly acknowledged in citations of their many scholarly contributions to this research literature. However, their infl u- ence goes beyond the formal citations of their work. Many aspects of how we explain factor analysis (e.g., terminology and notation) and the recom- mendations we make regarding its implementation have been shaped by the courses we took under their instruction and the many conversations we have had with them about these issues over the years. Obviously, our acknowledgment of their important infl uences on our thinking should not be interpreted to suggest that they endorse everything stated in this book or that they are responsible for any errors that it may contain. Any mis- takes are our own. However, to the extent this book successfully accom- plishes its goals, Bud and Michael should receive much of the credit. 00-Fabriger-prelims.indd v 10/20/2011 5:03:28 PM This page intentionally left blank contents CHAPTER 1 Introductory Factor Analysis Concepts . . . . . . . . . 1 Th e Goals of Factor Analysis . . . . . . . . 1 A Conceptual Introduction to the Common Factor Model . . . . . . . . . 4 A Graphical Depiction of the Common Factor Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 A Simple Mathematical Introduction to the Common Factor Model . . . . . . . . 11 Chapter Summary and Book Overview . . . . . 17 CHAPTER 2 Requirements for and Decisions in Choosing Exploratory Common Factor Analysis . . . . . . . . . 19 Is EFA Suitable for the Research Question? . . . . 19 Are the Data Suitable for Factor Analysis? . . . . 23 Properties of the Measured Variables . . . . . . 24 Is an Exploratory or Confi rmatory Approach Most Appropriate? . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Th e Common Factor Model or Principal Component Model? . . . . . . . . . . 30 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 00-Fabriger-prelims.indd vii 10/20/2011 5:03:29 PM viii : CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 Requirements and Decisions for Implementing Exploratory Common Factor Analysis . . . . . . . . . 39 Choosing a Method of Fitting the Common Factor Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Determining the Appropriate Number of Common Factors . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Rotating Factor Analysis Solutions . . . . . . . 67 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . .83 CHAPTER 4 Factor Analysis Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Assumptions Underlying the Common Factor Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Assumptions Related to Model Fitting Procedures . 97 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . 101 CHAPTER 5 Implementing and Interpreting Exploratory Factor Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Context for the Analysis: Pre-Analysis Decisions . . 105 Example Research Question and Measures . . . . 106 Conducting the Analysis: Implementation of EFA . . 108 Concluding Comments . . . . . . . . . . 141 CHAPTER 6 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations . . . . . . . 143 Understanding the Common Factor Model . . . . 143 Determining if Exploratory Factor Analysis is Appropriate . . . . . . . . . 144 Decisions in Conducting Exploratory Factor Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Assumptions Underlying the Common Factor Model and Fitting Procedures . . . . . 149 Implementing and Interpreting EFA . . . . . . 150 Concluding Th oughts . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Recommended Readings and Supplementary Programs . . . . . . . . . 151 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 00-Fabriger-prelims.indd viii 10/20/2011 5:03:29 PM exploratory factor analysis 00-Fabriger-prelims.indd ix 10/20/2011 5:03:29 PM
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