Explorations in Basic Biology

544 Pages·2011·28.974 MB·English

by  Stanley E Gunstream

EXPLORATIONS
IN BASIC BIOLOGY
Twelfth Edition
Stanley E. Gunstream
Pasadena City College
Benjamin Cummings
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Senior Acquisitions Editor:Star MacKenzie Senior Photo Editor: Donna Kalal
Project Editor: Frances Sink Manufacturing Buyer: Michael Penne
Managing Editor:Micheal Early Marketing Manager: Lauren Garritson
Project Manager: Camille Herrera Cover Printer: Lehigh Phoenix
Production Management and Compositor: Integra Printer and Bindery: RR Donnelley Willard
Cover Designer: BigWig Design Cover Photo Credit: Paul Nicklen/National Geographic
Illustrators: Dartmouth Publishing, Inc. Society/Corbis
Photo Researcher: Bill Smith Studio
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear
on pp. viii–ix.
Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome
Street, San Francisco, California 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This
publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written
request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information
regarding permissions, call [phone].
Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks.
Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations
have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings™is a trademark, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its
affiliates.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gunstream, Stanley E.
Explorations in basic biology / Stanley E. Gunstream.—12th ed.
p. cm.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-72294-2
ISBN-10: 0-321-72294-9
1. Biology—Laboratory manuals. I. Title.
QH317.G82 2012
570—dc22 2010034551
ISBN 13: 978-0-321-72294-2
ISBN 10: 0-321-72294-9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOW—15 14 13 12 11
CONTENTS
Preface v 29. Fertilization and Development 373
30. Early Embryology of the Chick 385
PART IFUNDAMENTALS 1
PART VPLANT BIOLOGY 395
1. Orientation 3
2. The Microscope 15 31. Structure of Flowering Plants 397
32. Transport in Plants 409
PART IICELL BIOLOGY 29 33. Chemical Control in Plants 419
3. The Cell 31
PART VI HEREDITY AND
4. Chemical Aspects 47
EVOLUTION 427
5. Diffusion and Osmosis 59
6. Enzymes 71 34. Heredity 429
7. Photosynthesis 79 35. Molecular and Chromosomal
Genetics 445
8. Cellular Respiration and
Fermentation 93 36. DNA Fingerprinting 459
9. Cell Division 107 37. Evolution 469
38. Evolutionary Mechanisms 487
PART IIIDIVERSITY
OF ORGANISMS 119 PART VII ECOLOGY
AND BEHAVIOR 497
10. Prokaryotes and Protists 121
11. Green, Brown, and Red Algae 139 39. Ecological Relationships 499
12. Fungi 153 40. Population Growth 511
13. Terrestrial Plants 165 41. Animal Behavior 519
14. Simple Animals 179
15. Mollusks, Segmented Worms, APPENDIX A
and Arthropods 197
Common Prefixes, Suffixes, and Root
16. Echinoderms and Chordates 213
Words 527
PART IVANIMAL BIOLOGY 225
APPENDIX B
17. Dissection of the Frog 227
Common Metric Units and Temperature
18. Dissection of the Fetal Pig 235
Conversions 529
19. Blood and Circulation 253
20. Gas Exchange 273 APPENDIX C
21. Digestion 283
Oil-Immersion Technique 530
22. Excretion 295
23. Neural Control 305
APPENDIX D
24. Sensory Perception in Humans 319
The Classification of Organisms 531
25. Chemical Control in Animals 333
26. The Skeletal System 339
APPENDIX E
27. Muscles and Movement 351
28. Reproduction in Vertebrates 361 How to Write a Scientific Paper 534
iii
This page intentionally left blank
PREFACE
The twelfth edition of Explorations in Basic Biology, and completing the portion of the laboratory report
like earlier editions, is designed for use in the labo- that covers this material. Students are asked to
ratory component of introductory general biology color-code selected illustrations to enhance their
courses. It is compatible with any modern biology learning of anatomical features.
textbook. The exercises provide a variety of options
9. The required Materials(equipment and supplies) are
for one- or two-semester courses and one-, two-, or
listed for each activity in the exercise. This list helps
three-quarter courses. The exercises are appropriate
the student to obtain the needed materials and guides
for three-hour laboratory sessions, but they are also
the laboratory technician in setting up the laboratory.
adaptable to a two-hour laboratory format.
The exercises use standard equipment and materials
Explorations in Basic Biology is designed to
that are available in most biology departments.
enhance learning by students and to simplify the work
of instructors. 10. Activities to be performed by students are identi-
fied by an Assignment heading and icon for easy
MAJOR FEATURES recognition. This heading clearly distinguishes
activities to be performed from the preceding
1. The forty-one exercises provide a wide range of background information. The assignment sections
optionsfor the instructor, and the range of activities are numbered sequentially within each exercise and
within an exercise further increases the available on the laboratory report to facilitate identification
options. Several exercises contain investigative por- and discussion. Each assignment begins with a list
tions that ask students to design and conduct experi- of required materials (when needed) followed by
ments on their own, at the discretion of the instructor. specific directions for the laboratory activity.
2. Each exercise is basically self-directing, which 11. A Laboratory Reportis provided for each exercise
allows students to work independently without to guide and reinforce students’ learning. The lab-
continuous assistance by the instructor. oratory reports not only provide a place for students
to record observations, impressions, collected data,
3. Each exercise and its major subunits are self-
and conclusions, but they also provide a convenient
contained so that the instructor may arrange the
means of assessing student understanding.
sequence of exercises, or the activities within an
exercise, to suit his or her preferences. In addition, Each of the diversity exercises (Exercises 10
portions of an exercise may be deleted without through 16) includes a minipracticum section on
negatively affecting the continuity of the exercise. the laboratory report. This challenges students to
use knowledge gained in the laboratory session to
4. More than 250 illustrations are provided to
identify organisms on the basis of their recognition
enhance students’ understanding of both back-
characteristics, and it gives them a taste of a labo-
ground information and laboratory procedures.
ratory practicum.
5. New key termsare in bold print for easy recogni-
tion by students.
MAJOR IMPROVEMENTS IN
6. Each exercise begins with a list of Objectivesthat THE TWELFTH EDITION
outlines the minimum learning responsibilities of
the student. Information has been updated, including several new or
modified figures, and procedures have been clarified
7. The text of each exercise starts with a discussion
wherever necessary to facilitate student learning. Lab-
of background information that is necessary to
oratory reports include more graphing of experimental
(a) understand the subject of the exercise and
results, and several exercises provide the option for
(b)prepare the student for the activities that follow.
instructors to have students write up experiments in the
The inclusion of the background information min-
format of a scientific paper. A new Appendix E pro-
imizes the need for introductory explanations and
vides guidelines for writing a scientific paper including
ensures that all lab sections receive the same back-
how to use graphs in presenting results. Exercise 40
ground information. Background information
provides an opportunity for students to research human
always precedes the activity that students are to
population data via the Internet. Exercises with signif-
perform.
icant improvements include:
8. Before beginning the laboratory activities, students
Exercise 19. Blood and Circulation
are asked to demonstrate their understanding of the
background information by labeling illustrations Exercise 23. Neural Control
v
vi Preface
Exercise 35. Molecular and Chromosomal Genetics JamesonMcCann, Guilford Technical Community
College
Exercise 40. Population Growth
ThomasH.Milton, Richard Bland College
Exercise 41. Animal Behavior
BarbaraNewman, Southwest Missouri State University
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BrianPalestis, Wagner College
ChristinaPflugfelder, Skagit Valley College, Whidbey
The suggestions by adopters continue to be especially
Island
helpful in improving the manual. Special recognition is
due those whose critical reviews provided the basis for EdR.Pickering, Wilberforce University
the improvements in the twelth edition:
O.TacheeniScott, California State University
JamesAnderson, De Anza College
JacquelineL.Spencer, Thomas Nelson Community
LindaBarham, Meridian Community College College
RalstonBartholomew, Warren County Community SherriTownsend, North Arkansas College
College
JanetWestbrook, Cerro Coso College
DianeB.Beechinor, Palo Alto College
CherieL. R.Wetzel, City College of San Francisco
MichaelBoyle, Seattle Central Community College
EdwinWiles, Surry Community College
AngelaBurcham, Richard Bland College
LonaE.Williams, Clinch Valley College
GeralynM.Caplan, Owensboro Community &
KarenR.Zagula, Wake Technical Community
Technical College
College
Danette YoungCarlton, Virginia State University
MartinZahn, Thomas Nelson Community College
BradChandler, Palo Alto College
JeffreyR.Zimdahl, Centenary College
BruceR.Chorba, Mercer County Community
College The professional skills and helpfulness of the edi-
torial and production personnel at Benjamin Cummings
BeverlyCochran, Texas A&M University-Commerce
have eased the work of the revision. I especially want to
Patricia DellaPenta, Warren County Community thank Star MacKenzie, Senior Acquisitions Editor, for
College her support and contribution. It was a pleasure to work
with Frances Sink, Editorial Assistant, throughout this
DianeDoidge, Grand View College
revision. It was also a pleasure to work with Camille
HowardDuncan, Norfolk State University Herrera, and Angela Norris of Integra-Chicago, who
skillfully guided the production process. Original line
AaronFried, SUNY Cortland
drawings and color illustrations by Mary Dersch
BobFutrell, Rockingham Community College havesignificantly enhanced the usefulness of the book.
The contributions of these talented professionals,
CarlaGardner, Coastal Carolina Community College
including all members of the book team, are gratefully
L. A.Green, Florence-Darlington Technical College acknowledged.
RebeccaHare, Cleveland Community College Photo Credits
RichardD.Harrington, Rivier College
Figure 1.1:Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 2.1:Olympus
LelandN.HollandJr.,Pasco-Hernando Community Imaging America Inc.; Figure 9.6: Turtox/Cambosco;
College Figure 9.7:Ward’s Natural Science Establishment;Figure
10.3a: SciMAT/Photo Researchers; Figure 10.3b:
KathleenP.Huffman, Thomas Nelson Community
CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers; Figure
College
10.3c: Scott Camazine/Alamy; Figure 10.4: Dr. Tony
RichardJacobson, Laredo Community College Brain/Science Photo Library/Custom Medical Stock Photo;
Figure 10.5: Alfred Pasieka/Photo Researchers; Figure
JudyKaufman, Monroe Community College
10.6: Michael Clayton/University of Wisconsin; Figure
CelesteA.Mazzacano, Columbia College 10.9: M. I. Walker/Photo Researchers; Figure 10.10:
Preface vii
Eric V. Grave/Photo Researchers;Figure 10.11:M. I. Walker/ Gregory G. Dimijian/PhotoResearchers;Figure 12.6:Ed
Photo Researchers; Figure 10.12: Eric V. Grave/Photo Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; Figure 12.8a: Hans
Researchers;Figure 10.13:M. I. Walker/Photo Researchers; Reinhard/Bruce Coleman/Photoshot Holdings Ltd.;Figure
Figure 10.14: Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Inc./Photo 12.8b:Dr. Cecil H. Fox/Photo Researchers;Figure 12.9:
Library; Figure 10.15: Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, age fotostock/SuperStock;Figure 12.10:Biophoto Associ-
Inc./PhotoLibrary; Figure 10.18: M. I. Walker/Photo ates/Photo Researchers; Figure 12.11: Arco Images
Researchers;Figure 10.19:Eric V. Grave/Photo Researchers; GmbH/Alamy;Figure 19.11:Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure
Figure 10.20: Ed Reschke/Peter Arnold, Inc./Alamy; 19.12a:Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 19.12b:Stanley E.
Figure 10.21: Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers; Gunstream;Figure 19.12c:Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure
Figure 10.22: blickwinkel/NaturimBild/Alamy; Figure 20.7:Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 23.10a:Stanley E. Gun-
10.23: blickwinkel/NaturimBild/Alamy; Figure 10.24: stream;Figure 23.10b:Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 24.6a:
Newscom;Figure 10.25:Eric V. Grave/Photo Researchers; Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 24.6b:Stanley E. Gunstream;
Figure 10.26:Scott Camazine Photo Researchers;Figure Figure 27.7:Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 27.8:Stanley E.
10.27:Eye of Science/Photo Researchers;Figure 11.1:W.J. Gunstream;Figure 29.3:Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 29.4:
Walker/Photo Researchers;Figure 11.2:Manfred Kage/Peter Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 29.5:Stanley E. Gunstream;
Arnold, Inc./PhotoLibrary;Figure 11.3:M.I. Walker/Photo Figure 35.3: Courtesy of Neil A. Campbell/Jane B.
Researchers;Figure 11.4:blickwinkel/NaturimBild/Alamy; Reece/Martha R. Taylor/Eric J. Simon/Jean L. Dickey/
Figure 11.5:Michael Abbey/Photo Researchers;Figure 11.6: Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e; Figure 37.6a:
Farrell Grehan/Photo Researchers;Figure 11.11:Joyce Photo- Stanley E. Gunstream;Figure 37.6b:Stanley E. Gunstream;
graphics/Photo Researchers;Figure 11.12:Jeff Rotman/ Unless otherwise indicated, all photos are used with permis-
Alamy; Figure 11.13: age fotostock/SuperStock;Figure sion from Stanley E. Gunstream.
11.14:Dr. D. P. Wilson/Photo Researchers;Figure12.5:
This page intentionally left blank
I
Part
Fundamentals