Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5–16, 1980 PDF
Preview Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5–16, 1980
Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims at the dissemination of advanced knowledge and the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioural and Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Social Sciences Publishers E Applied Sciences Alphen aan den Rijn and Germantown U.S.A. Series C - Mathematical and Physical Sciences Volume 64 - Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5-16, 1980 edited by C. S. DEEHR Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A. and J. A. HOLTET Institute of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrech t : Holland / Boston: U.S.A. / London: England Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nato Advanced Study Institute, Lillehammer, Norway, 1980 Exploration of the polar upper atmosphere. (NATO advanced study institutes series: Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; v. 64) Includes index. 1. Atmosphere, Upper-Polar regions-Congresses. I. Deehr, C. S. II. Holtet, Jan A. III. Title. IV. Series. QC878.5.N37 1980 551.5'14'0911 80-29055 ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8419-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-8417-2 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-8417-2 Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company P. O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Boston Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A. In all countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322,3300 AH Dordrccht, Holland D. Reidel Publishing Company is a member of the Kluwcr Group All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1981 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland Solicover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 No part of ihc material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner CONTENTS Preface lX Nordlys (The Northern Lights) Xl w STOFFREGEN Participants Xlll PART I: THE NEUTRAL POLAR ATMOSPHERE ABOVE THE TROPOPAUSE Tutorial Leader: H E VOLLAND Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Composition 1 M A GELLER Dynamics of the Thermosphere during Quiet and Disturbed Conditions 17 H E VOLLAND Wind Induced Composition Effects at High Latitudes 31 H G MAYR and I HARRIS PART II: THE POLAR IONOSPHERE Tutorial Leaders: P Stubbe (F-Region) L Thomas (D- and F-Region) The Polar F-Region - Theory 55 H KOHL Radio Observations of the Auroral F-Region 67 T B JONES Modification of the F-Region by Powerful Radio Waves 83 P STUBBE and H KOPKA The Lower Ionosphere at High Latitudes 99 L THOMAS Energy Sources of the High Latitude Upper Atmosphere 113 P M BANKS vi TABLE or CONTENTS Techniques for Observing D-Region Ionization 129 o HOLT Auroral Radio Absorption in Relation to Magnetospheric Particles 143 P N COLLIS, J K HARGREAVES and A KORTH PART III: OPTICAL REMOTE SENSING OF THE POLAR ATMO- SPHERE AND IONOSPHERE Tutorial Leader: G G Shepherd Optical Remote Sensing of the Polar Upper Atmosphere 149 G G SHEPHERD Polar Cap Optical Emissions Observed from the ISIS2 159 Satellite L L COGGER Optical Emissions ~n the Polar Auroral E-Region 165 E J LLEWELLYN and B H SOLHEIM A review of Optical F-Region Processes ~n the Polar Atmosphere 175 J-C GERARD Neutral Winds ~n the Polar Cap 189 R W SMITH Difference in Polar Atmospheric Optical Emissions between Mid-Day and Night-Time Auroras 199 G G SIVJEE and C S DEEHR PART IV: SOLAR-MAGNETOSPHERE-POLAR ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS Tutorial Leader: J G Roederer The Solar Wind-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System: An Overview 209 J G ROEDERER The Distant Magnetosphere: Reconnection ~n the Boundary Layers, Cusps and Tail Lobes 219 G HAERENDEL Plasma Sheet Dynamics: Effects on, and Feedback from, the Polar Ionosphere 229 V M VASYLIUNAS TABLE Of CONTENTS vii Relationships between the Solar Wind and the Polar Cap Magnetic Activity 245 A BERTHELIER Auroral Morphology: A Television Image of Solar and Magnetospheric Activity 259 C S DEEHR, G J ROMICK and G G SIVJEE PART V: ELECTRIC FIELDS AND CURRENTS AT HIGH LATITUDES Tutorial Leader: T. Stockflet J¢rgensen Electric Fields in the Dayside Auroral Region 267 T STOCKFLET J0RGENSEN Electric Fields and Electrostatic Potentials in the High Latitude Ionosphere 281 P M BANKS, J-P ST.MAURICE, R A HEELIS and W B HANSON Spatial Variations of Ionospheric Electric Fields at High Latitudes on Magnetic Quiet Days 293 ZI MINYUN and E NIELSEN Electric Field Measurements with Balloons 305 I B IVERSEN High Latitude Ionospheric Currents 315 E FRIIS-CHRISTENSEN ISIS Observations of Auroral Particles and Large-Scale Birkeland Currents 329 D M KLUMPAR PART VI: WAVES AND PARTICLES IN THE POLAR REGIONS Tutorial Leader: R Gendrin Some Aspects of ULF Waves Observed Onboard GEOS Related to Convection, Heating and Precipitation Processes 337 R GENDRIN Electron Cyclotron Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere 355 P J CHRISTIANSEN, M P GOUGH and K RONNMARK Magnetospheric Hot Plasma Measurements in Relation to Wave-Particle Interactions on High-Latitude Magnetic Field Lines 367 B HULTQVIST viii T ABLE OF CONTrNTS Mechanisms for Intense Relativistic Electron Precipitation 381 R M THORNE and L J ANDREOLI Electrostatic Waves in the Ionosphere 395 E UNGSTRUP PART VII: HISTORICAL EXPLORATION OF THE POLAR UPPER ATMOSPHERE Tutorial Leader: A Brekke The Changing Aurora of the Past Three Centuries 407 S M SILVERMAN and J FEYNMAN Aurorae, Sunspots and Weather, Mainly Since A.D. 1200 421 D J SCHOVE Ancient Norwegian Literature ~n Relation to the Auroral Oval 431 A BREKKE and A EGELAND On the Literature of the Aurora ~n Nordic Countries 443 S M SILVERMAN PART VIII: APPLICATIONS OF POLAR UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH Tutorial Leader: E V Thrane Effects of Ionospheric Disturbances on High Latitude Radio Wave Propagation 449 T R(/)ED LARSEN The Variability and Predictability of the Main Ionospheric Trough 463 A S RODGER and M PINNOCK A Report from the International Solar-Terrestrial Prediction Workshop. Boulder 23-27 April 1979. 471 E V THRANE EI and F Region Predictions for Communication Purposes at High Latitudes 481 R D HUNSUCKER SUBJECT INDEX 495 PREFACE This book is an ordered collection of tutorial lectures on the physical processes in the polar upper atmosphere given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on "The Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere" held at Lillehammer, Norway, May 5-16, 1980. The polar cap is an important part of the high latitude atmosphere not only because of circulation and horizontal trans- port in the neutral atmosphere and convection in the ionosphere, but also because of its unique energy sources and sinks. In addition, solar wind plasma is led into-the upper atmosphere by the geomagnetic field at the poles, and the polar cap is, as stated by Tutorial Leader Roederer in this volume, "the place where outer space meets earth". The atmosphere at lower latitudes is well-known to the ground-based observer, and the advent of satellite observations was simply the beginning of a new perspective. The exploration of the atmosphere at polar latitudes, however, proceeded in quite the opposite manner, and satellite maps of the polar caps may be compared with a relatively meagre set of ground-based data. Recent efforts to extend the polar observations from the ground have resulted in the need for a review of the physical principles and processes occurring in the polar upper atmosphere. The interdisciplinary nature of these efforts led to the emphasis here on a tutorial program. The ASI was structured according to the physical regions of the atmosphere and the means of exploring them. Nine sessions were each organized by a tutorial leader to describe the region of interest both to the advanced student and workers in the field of magnetospheric and upper atmospheric physics. Consistent with the spirit of polar exploration was the setting of the ASI in the native countryside of many accomplished polar explorers. Consistent also with the breadth of interest ix c S. Ded1r and J. A. Holter (eds.) , Exploration of the Polar Upper Atmosphere, ix-·x. Co",'right ~) 1980 hy D. Reidel Publishing COII/pany. x PREFACE and talent of men such as Nansen, were the extracurricular presentations such as a tour of the Folk Museum of Gudbrands Valley, "Maihaugen", a lecture on neurological functions affecting auroral observations by J. Roederer, an organ concert in Lille- hammer Church by V. Vasyliunas, and the first edition of a musical work for piano and string quartet set to the words of a poem by the Norwegian poet Caspari called "Nordlyset" (The Northern Lights) by W. Stoffregen. Activities in a lighter vein included the installation of W.R. Piggot as Grand Master of the International Union for Merging of the Poles (lUMP). He then appointed as Knights Errant Egeland, Roederer, Schove, Stoffregen and Vasyliunas, for their scientific and humanistic contributions to The International Magnetic Field. The success of this ASI was due in large part to the un- heralded efforts of the Secretariat: Anne-Sophie Andresen and Elisabeth Iversen. Charles Deehr Jan Holtet Fairbanks Oslo August 1980
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