Exploration of student-to-student sexual harassment as sex discrimination in higher education through analysis of appropriate statutes and case law PDF
Preview Exploration of student-to-student sexual harassment as sex discrimination in higher education through analysis of appropriate statutes and case law
ANEXPLORATIONOFSTUDENT-TO-STUDENTSEXUALHARASSMENT ASSEXDISCRIMINATIONINHIGHEREDUCATIONTHROUGH ANALYSISOFAPPROPRIATESTATUTESANDCASELAW By AMYMILFORDABERNETHY ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1995 Copyright 1995 by AmyMilfordAbernethy Tomymotherandfather, MemaandBebop, GregandChristine, ScottandTracie, James, Michaelandmyhusband, John ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Theresearchandwritingofthisstudycouldnothave beenaccomplishedwithoutthedirectionandencouragementof manypeople. Iwouldliketothankmycommitteemembers includingDr. PhyllisMeek, Dr. MaryHoward-HamiltonandDr. DavidSmith. Theirknowledgeofboththerealisticand theoreticalissuesandconcernsintheeducationsetting providedvaluableinformationforthisstudy. Iwould especiallyliketothankDr. ArtSandeen, thechairofthe supervisorycommittee, forhisdirectionandsupport. He challengedmetothinkaboutthepracticalapplicationsof thisstudy. IwouldliketothankDr. AnnBrowningMasters, Dr. ReneeSpeisman, KelliHerndon, LeilaCantaraandKathy Carroll. Theyactedasmyeditorsandsounding-boards. Wereitnotfortheirfriendships, thisexercisewouldnot havebeennearlyasenjoyable. Ivalueeachofthemmore thanIcansay. Myhusbandandmyfamilyprovidedmewithastrong foundationandcontinuetosupportandencouragemeno matterwhatIattempttodo. Forallofthisandsomuch moreIthankthem. V Mydeepestthankyougoestomycommitteecochair, Dr. JoanL. Curcio. Shestartedoutasmyteacherandbecame oneofthegreatestfriends IknowIwilleverhave. Her untiringdevotionandguidanceduringthistimehelpedmeto seetheissuessomuchmoreclearly. Icannotthankher enoughforeverythingshehasdoneforme. . TABLEOFCONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT viii CHAPTERS I INTRODUCTION 1 TTThhheeeBTPuharecpokorgseretoiucnoafdlotfhFerathSmeteuwdoSyrtkudyoftheStudy.. 1491 JustificationoftheStudy 15 MethodoftheStudy 17 DefinitionofTerms 18 LimitationsoftheStudy 19 OrganizationoftheStudy 20 II LITERATUREREVIEW 22 TheLegalStatusofStudent-to- StudentSexualHarassment 22 OccurrencesofStudent-to-Student SexualHarassmentontheCollegeCampus 28 ImpactofStudent-to-StudentSexual HarassmentontheCampusEnvironment... 30 LegislativeHistoryofTitleIX 33 JudicialInterpretationofTitleIX 37 CauseofAction 38 BurdenofProof 44 PsychologicalHarm 45 TheReasonableWomanStandard 48 UnwelcomeAdvances 51 Liability 53 Remedy 57 MacKinnon'sTheoriesofDominance, InegualityandSexDiscrimination 59 ImpactofMacKinnon'sTheoriesonWomen inLaw 63 ImpactofMacKinnon'sTheoriesonWomen inEducation 66 III METHODOLOGY 69 DataSources 72 DDaattaaAOnraglaynsiizsation 7743 Synthesis 74 StandardsofAdequacyforLegal Research 76 IV ANALYSISOFTHECASES 78 Alexanderv. YaleUniversity 79 Moirev. TempleUniversitySchoolof Medicine 81 MeritorSavingsBank, FSBv. Vinson 84 Rabiduev. OsceolaRefiningCompany 90 Lipsettv. UniversityofPuertoRico 95 Bougherv. UniversityofPittsburgh 100 Ellisonv. Brady 102 Franklinv. GwinnettCountyPublic Schools 106 PatriciaH. BerkeleyUnifiedSchool District 107 Doev. PetalumaCitySchoolDistrict Ill Harrisv. ForkliftSystems, Inc 113 Hastingsv. Hancock 114 SynthesisandFindingsRelatedto SumQmuaersytion 1 111378 V ANALYSISUSINGMACKINNON'STHEORIESOF DOMINANCE, INEQUALITYANDSEXUAL HARASSMENTASSEXDISCRIMINATION 145 ApplicabilityofTitleVIIPrinciples toTitleIXCases 147 HostileEnvironment 153 ReasonableWomanStandard 157 FindingsRelatedtoQuestion2 159 VI CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS 161 ConclusionsBasedonLegalAnalysis 162 ConclusionsBasedonMacKinnon'sTheories 170 Recommendations 175 REFERENCES 178 LISTOFCASES 184 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 186 AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy ANEXPLORATIONOFSTUDENT-TO-STUDENTSEXUALHARASSMENT ASSEXDISCRIMINATIONINHIGHEREDUCATIONTHROUGH ANALYSISOFAPPROPRIATESTATUTESANDCASELAW By AmyMilfordAbernethy August 1995 Chair: C. ArthurSandeen Cochair: JoanL. Curcio MajorDepartment: EducationalLeadership Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexamineexisting sexualharassmentstatutestodetermineifanyofthem providealegalremedytovictimsofstudent-to-student sexualharassmentinhighereducationinstitutions. If currentlegalstatuteswerefoundnottoextendsucha remedy, asecondpurposewastoexploretheexpansionof presentlegaltheoriesaffordingprotectionagainst sex discriminationof studentstoincludestudent-to-student sexualharassment, especiallythroughtheuseofCatharine MacKinnon'stheoriesofdominance, inequalityandsexual harassmentasaformof sexdiscrimination. Thelegalanalysisrevealedthatthesubstantivecase lawconcerningTitleIXhasexpandedasknowledgeofthe sociologicalramificationsofsexualharassmenthave surfaced. Thelawof sexualharassmenthasbeenextendedto theeducational settingincludingremedies forsexual harassmentof studentsbyprofessorsoradministrators. It isalsoclearthatsexualharassmentbypeersinthe workplaceisremediable. Therefore, aremedyforstudent- to-studentsexualharassmentcouldwellbethenextstepof protectionprovidedbyfederallaw, ifthecourtswishto takeit. Ananalysisofnumerouscaseshasshownthatsome courtshaveadoptedMacKinnon'stheoriesofdominance, inequalityandsexdiscriminationwhendecidingsexual harassmentcases. Thetheoreticalbasis foranexpansionof TitleIXthroughcaselawisavailabletocourtswhoareso inclinedtouseitthroughMacKinnon'stheories. Itwasrecommendedthatfurtherresearchbeconducted includingmorerecentTitleIXcasestodetermineif suchan expansionincaselawhasoccurred. Itwas suggestedthat additionalresearchbeconductedconcerningtheincreasing tensionbetweenthecivilrightsguaranteedunderTitleIX tobefreefromsexdiscriminationandtheFirstAmendment righttofreespeech. CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION TheBackgroundoftheStudy Incidentsofsexualharassmentamongstudentsare increasingoncollegecampuses.1 HughesandSandlerhave describedvariousscenariosof sexualharassmentperpetrated bymalestudentsagainstfemalestudentsoncollegecampuses everyday.2 -Aswomenwalkthroughacafeterialine, mensitata tableand"rate" themastheygobyandasaresult, womenbegintoskipmealstoavoidthecafeteria.3 -Aspartofaprank, afraternitypledgebitesawoman onthebreast—apracticeamongsomefraternities called "sharking."4 -Agroupofmencrowdaroundawomanatapartyand exposethemselves.5 1 LindaHaviland, "StudentDiscriminatoryHarassment,' JournalofCollegeandUniversityLaw16, no. 2 (1989): 311. 2 Jean0'GormanHughesandBerniceR. Sandler, Peer PHraorjaesscmtenotn:theHasSstlaetsusfoarndWoEmdeuncatoinonCamopfusWo,menWas(hSienpgtteomnb,er,D.C. 1988): 1. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid.
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