Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem PDF
Preview Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem
ExplainCionngs ciousness - The 'HardP roblem' Editebdy JonathSahne ar A BradfoBrodo k The MIT Press CambridMgaes,sa chusetts LondonE,n gland Copyri1g99ht5- b7y th eJ ouronfCa oln scioSutsundeisess C ImprAciandte mPiOcB ,o x1Th ,o rverto5YX,n EX5 UK Alrli grhetsesr vNeodp .art o ft hbioso mka yb er eprodiunac nefydo rbmya neyl ectroormn eicch anical means (including phootrioc nofpoyrimnagti,o nar nerdscet otrorirdeaiwvgniaegtl ,h)pe o rumti ssiino n writfrionmtg h ceo pyright holder. This bwoaosske itnT imes Newb yRI ommparAcnia ndte mic. Prinatnebddo unidnt hUen iteSdta teosfA merica. LibraorfCy o ngrCeastsa loging-in-Publication-Data Explaicnoinnscgi outshn"eeh saspr:rd o bl/ee md"i btyeJ do natShhaena r. p. cm. Bradfboorodk ." U A Inclubdiebsl iogrraepfheirceanlc es. ISBN-91738 ..-2 06 2-193(8h8:ea- .l7 p ka.p e9r7)8 -0-262-(6p9b2ak2l.1pk -a.2:p er) - ISBN-0l-O2 62-19(3h8:ea8 .l- pk4a .p e0r-)2 62-69(2p2b1:ak- l.Xpk a.p er) - 1C.o nsciouIsS.nh eesars,O.]o .n athan) B808.9.1E99876 16-2-de21 97-8302 CIP 1098765 Contents Introduction 1 JonatShhaena r The HardP roblem FaciUnpgt oth e ProbloefmC onsciousness 9 DavidC].h almers DeflatioPnearsrpye ctives FaciBnagc kwarodnths e P roblemC oonfs ciousness 33 DaniCe.Dl e nnett The HornswogPgrloeb lem 37 PatriScmiiatC hh urchland Functiaonnd P henomenolColgoys:ith negE xplanrayGt aop 45 ThomaW.s Clark The Whyo fC onsciousAn Neosns-:I sfsouMrea terialists 61 ValeGrireaH ya rdcastle ThereI sN oH arPdr obloefmC onsciousness 69 KierOo'Hna raan dT omS cutt ShouWled E xpetcotF eealsif W eU nderstCaonnds ciousness? 83 MarCk.P rice The ExplanatGoarpy ConsciousannedSs psa ce 97 ColMicnG inn GiviUnpgo nt hHea rPdr obloefmC onsciousness 109 EugenOe.M ills vi CONTENTS ThereA reN oE asPyr obleomfCs o nsciousness 117 E.Lo].w e The EasPyr obleAinm'st S oE asy 125 David Hodgson FaciOnugr selIvnecso:r rigainbdthi el Miityn d-Body Problem 133 RichWaarrnde r The Hardneosfts h Hea rPdr oblem 149 WillSi.Ra omb inson Physics The NonlocalMiityn do f 165 C.]S..C larke ConsciEovuesn atssO rchestraStpeadc e-TSeilmeec tions 177 StuaRr.Ht a meraonffRd o gPeern rose The HarPdr obleAm Q:u antuAmp proach 197 HenryP. Stapp PhysiMcasc,h inaensdth e HardPr oblem 217 DouglBaisl].o deau NeurosciaenndCc oeg nitSicviee nce WhyN eurosciMeanycBe e Abltoe ExplaCionn sciousness 237 Francis aCnridCc hkris to! Koch UnderstanSdUibnjge ctiGvliotbyWa:ol r kspaThceeo ry 241 andth eR esurrecotfthi eo Onb serviSnegl f BernaJr.Bd a ars The ElemenotfCs o nsciousannedThs esi rN eurodynamCiocrarle lates 249 BruMcaec lennan RethinkNiantgu re ConsciousnIensfso,r maatinodPn a npsychism 269 WillSieaagme r RethinkiNnagt ureH:a rAPd r oblweimth ithne H arPdr oblem 287 GreHgg. R osenberg Solutioton tsh Hea rPdr obloefmC onsciousness 301 BenjaLmiibne t Turni'ntghH ea rPdr obleUmp's iDdoew na ndS ideways 305 PietH uta nRdo gNe rS hepard CONTENTS vii First-PePrseorsnp ectives The RelatioofCn o nscioustnothe esM sa terWioarll d 325 Max Velmans NeurophenomenAo Mleotghyo:d oloRgeimceadlfy o trh Hea rPdr oblem 337 FrancisVcaor].e la The HarPdr obleCml:o sithneg E mpiriGcaalp 359 JonatShhaena r Response MovinFgo rwaorndth e ProbloefmC onsciousness 379 DavidC].h almers JonatShhaena r Intorductino Int hev iewo fm oderns cientcheeu, n iveirssf eu ndamentpahlylsyi acnadle xistaendd evolvfeodbr i llioofyn esa rwsi thoauntyc onscioupsrneesseisnn it at t a lClo.n sciousness, ont hinso wc ommonplvaiceew i,sa verrye ceandtd itiaob ny,p rodoufct th ec omplex chemical prtohcaegtsa sveers i steos ophistibciaotleodg oircgaaln isTmhseq. u estion thuasr isoefhs o wc onsciouesvneecrsa sm et ob e1.F ori ti sc letahra stc iendcees cribes thew orlpdu reilnyt ermosfs patdiiaslt ribuotfdi yonnasm ipco tenttioao lcsc upayn d influenrceeg ioonfss pacwei,t hoaunty r eferewnhcaet soetvoet rh ec olousrosu,n ds, feelings, antmiecainpiantgaisno,dnt sh,o ughwtist whh icohu rc onsciousinsse os s wonderffiulllleyMd o.r eovtehre,ex perienqtuiaalli otfio eusrs ubjecatwiavree naerses sod iffeirenkn itnfr odm tchoel ourlseosusn,d lneosns-,c onscsipoautsi o-tesmtprourcal turdeess cribbyet dh peh ysisccaile ntcheasit ts eemism possitboul ned ersthaonwsd u ch experieqnutailailt cioeusle dv ebre p roducbeydt hei nteracotfip ounrse plhyy sical systems.r aTdhiicdsai lf ferbeetnwceee tnh eq ual(eixap erieqnutailailto ifoe usr)s ub jective awaanrdet nheeqs usa {lrieanea tuorfen on-conscpihoyussi csayls tetmhsu s producwehsaD ta viCdh almecrasl lisnt, h kee ynoatret iocflt eh ivso lumteh,e 'haprrdo bleomfe' x plaihnoiwna gn yp hysiscyaslt enmom, a ttheorw c omplaenxd well-orga[nciozueldgd,i] v rei steoe xperieantac le.l . .Wh y isi tt haatl tlh is processdionengso tg oo n' itnh dea rkw'i,t hoauntys ubjecqtuiavlei .t.yT.?h iiss thpeh enomentohnam ta kecso nsciouasr neeasmlsy stery. Theu nderlypirnegm iosfet he' harpdr obletmh'at,th eu nivecrasnee xiasntd u nfold independoefnt thleeyx isteonfca,en di nteracwtiitohcn,o nsciouosfna ensyss o rwth,i le appearcionmgm onsensiintc oadla ys'csi entwiofircl wda,s o fc ournsoet a lwaytsa ken forg rantTehde.fi rspta ragroafpG he nesfoires x,a mplper,o clatihmasit tw asG od's 'spitrhiatet'n livetnheefd o rmle'sdse ptthosu 'n foilndt toh ec reatuendi verasnedt, h is notiiosen c hoeidnt hseu bsequtehneto logdioccatrli ntehsai tn siGsotd 'asc tipvaer tici patiiosrn e quifroetrdh ce ontineuxeids teonftc heue n iverOsuet.s itdhere e alomff aith, the pre-SoAcnraaxtaigcosar,na dsH eracliwteursfe,a moufso trh ecilra itmhsa mti ndi s the foundoaftt hieao cnt iviotfti heesn aturwaolr ladn d' steaelrtlsh intghsr ouaglhl thingPsl'a.at rog utehda tth vee riyn telligoiftb hiueln iitvye prrsees upptohseeex si stence ofa p urtrea nscendeinnttale lliugnednecrel ytihnsegt ructaunrdda yln amiocradleo rft he univerAsnede. v etnh eem piricallyA-rmiisntdoaetrdlg eu tehda ptu rpospee rmeatthees inanimaastw ee lals t hea nimate unainvdet rhsaaet t, r anscendiennttealll igtehnec e, UnmoveMdo ver, undaelrtllh aiece tsi viinnt ayt ure. Altthheowrueegr hae l soofc ourse Thisi st ob ed istingufriosmht ehdqe u estoifow nh yc onsciousanroessets,h aitsw ,h aetv olution 1 purpoistse e rves. ary 2 J.S HEAR materiasluicsahts Ds e mocritthuesG ,r eek fouonfdW eersst etrnh ougohpte,r atiinan g pre-sciecnotnitfiewcxe tr,ne o mtu cho ccupiweidtt hh 'eh arpdr obleomfa' c countfionrg consciouisnna ef susn damentpahlylsyi cal utnhiavstee resmseso d ifficutlotu st oday. IndeeadsP, l atod'isa logrueepse atsehdolwyt, h eex isteonfmc een teanlt ituineesx plain ablien p hysical wteerrelm isk esliym pltyob et akeanse videnfcoert hei ndependent existeonfmc ien dr,a thtehra ans p erplexainnogm aliinea sm aterialistic world. Witht her isoeft hem aterialistic-vmieecwhpaonciihncatar la cteorfim sotdiecms ci encea,l olf t his chaonfcg oedu,r sBeu.tt hivsi ewpogianitn deodm inanocnel ayft ear protrasctrtuegdg wliet thh eA ristotaenldin aeno -Platdoensicce ndoefnt thsea ncient Greek viaestw hsen, o tioofnw hawte t odacya l'ls cience' deuvroiltnvhgese di xteenth centuErayc.oh f t hesweo rldviehwasda v ery difbfaesripecan rta difgomur n derstanding natuThree .A ristotveileiwwa,hn i chha dd ominated tdhumeri idndgla ege sr,e lioentd h e notioofno rganaisis tms beaxspilca naitmoargyeT .h en eo-Platvoineiwtc o omk ind, emphasizmiantgh emataincdcs re atiavcet ivaistb ya,s iTch.e m aterialist-mechanistic viewr elioendt hen otioofnm achiunnfeosl ding autoamnadut niccoanlslcyi oTuhsel y. materialist-mveicehwwao nnio suttoi,fcc oursBee.f otrhei hsa ppenheodw,e veerm,p iri caslc ienwcaesf orcteodi nternalami azjeo cro mponeonftt h nee o-Platpoenriscp ective, newlrye introduEcuerdo pteota hno ugihntt hel atfief teenctehn tuFrryo.m o uro wn vantapgoei nnto,t hicnogu ld smeoermen aturtaotl h eem pirisccaile ntaipfpirco atchha n itesx tensrievlei aonncm ea thematfiocfrso rmulatthieln agw osf n atuarned e valuating theeixrp erimesnttaatlBu ust.s, u rpriassii ntmg a ys eemt oday, fifatnedse inxtthe enth centusrcyi entiinfivce stigaatfit rosortfs t erne sistthemeda thematiazpipnrgo aecmhp ha sizebdyt hen eo-PlatoFnoirns utmsb.e rs, aalngdme abtrhae matical afroeor bmvuilas ouslnyo tp hysical etnhteiaytr iepe usr;e lmye ntaaln dn oto bjectiovbesleyr vable. Consequeenatrllyoy b servation-ionrvieesnttiegtdae tnodretsdo r ejetchte uisre a sa n escafpreo tmh ree awlo rlmdo,r ea pproprtiona etoe- Platmoynsitci cainsdmm etaphysics 2 thatno h ard-boiled esmcpiiernicBceua.ttl h es ucceosfsm athematbiacsse,od n i ts usefulbnoestishn t hef ormulaotfit ohne oarnyd i nt hea rticuloaftp iroenc isteelsyt able predictwiaosns so,g reatth aittb ecamsee amlesisnltye grianttetodh ee volviunlgt,i matelmye chanisstciice ntpiafirca digamn,dt hee arloyb jectitooin tsis n clusiino n empirisccaile nocnet heg rounodfsi tmse ntalinsattiucbr eec amlea rgefloyr gotten. Indeebdy,t hem id-seventceeennttuwhre yfi ndm athemateivcescn a met ob es eeans definithneog b jectpihvyes iwcoarll idn c ontrtaost th eg eneranlolny- mathematizable SUbjecwtoirvleod fc onsciousansfe osrsm,a lifzoeerdx ,a mplienD, e scaritnefsl'u ential mind-boddiys tinction. Thutsh meo derns cientwiofrilcd vireewg,a rdtihnuegn ivearssm ea teriinna alt uarned unfoldliinkagem achiancec ordtionp gr ecimsaet,h ematiacratlilcyu llaatwagsba lien ed ascendeanncdyb ecamteh ec onteoxftm ucho fo urW esterni ntelledcitsucaolu rse. Neverthetlheels asr,g ely foeragrolptyut zeznal beo utth er oloeft hmea thematiintc hse physicsacli encreesm ainaendd hcaosn tintuoed dr awt hea ttentoifoi nn fluential 3 physiciFsotrms a.themataipcpse atrobs e p aradigmatniocna-lplhyy sIitcosab lj.e cartes 2 Fora na ccouonftt hei nteracbteitowneset nh et hreaep proacihnet sh ee arldye velopmoefn t modem sciensceee,H ughK earney,S cieanncdCe h ange: (NewY orkM:c Graw-Hill 1500-1700 BookC ompany1,9 71). 3 Seef,o re xamplEeu,g ene Wig'nTehrue,n reasoneafbeflcet iveonfem sast hematiintc hsne a tural scienciensS 'y,mm etraineRdse fl ecti(oBnloso mingItnodni:aU nnai versPirteys1 s9, 67). INTRODUCTION 3 charascttiecruainlilvyei rns anlai tnsu hraer,p ctootn htcero amsptlp eatret icoufal lalr ity physeinctailat niedem sp iroibcsaelro vnasiti;tids i scovweirtehtdihr nee aolfmt hought, noitn pthhye siwcoar;lla dndt hter uotfhi ttsh eoremasl maorset eavlawlauyast ed 4 complemteenltya,r l altyhtehrab nyo bjectsicviee nitnivfeisct iTghautasisp o hny.sics becomperso gsrseivmeolrmyea thezmeadti,ito sbj ecotfst seene pmuz zlitnogb leyc ome more metnhtapanhl y sical. Thiissn oto,fc ourtsheoe,n lpyr oblweimtt hh set andmaartdae lriiwsotrd lvietwh at hacso me taot ttehnoetfp i hoinl osoopfsh ceiresFn ocireit .os b vitohuiasnt s oafsia tr is observations-cdiepeenancldeste onoia t ds ,e grdeeep endoentn htse u jbectiovfti htey obsersvciinegn itnivfiecas tto.iCr gosnsequpehnitlloys,oo pfsh ceiresn ceu pwc iatmhe the nootfii notsneujsrbe ctainvidin tyt uejbresctciovrer obotrora eotcginoitnzh reeo loef sujbectiivnei mtpyi ricala nsodcv ieterhnl eca hesa,tcl efn turtye rntmohilioshg ayfs o nud widespcruerardei nnsc cyi enatsi fiwace spl hli losodpihsiccoaIulhtr a sasel .sb oe come appartehnoatuto r b serviatngi eonnesar naodlu ,sr c ieincotb isferviatnpi aorntsia cruel ar, charascttiecr(aialnledyv eint, oiftsae rng uaeldw,a tyhse)o irmype rgnatTehdih.sa s oftbeene tna k(eens pecbiywa rliltyae srsso cwiiatt'hep dom sotde'rt nhougthoit m)p ly thatthn eo tioof'n oj bectiivnidteyp eonfds eujnbetc tiivssi itmypi'ln yc oh.eT roe ntthe extetnhtat tho ibss erviacsto ierocrntt h,e noofta pi uorne plhyy siocbjaelco rtu niverse, feref roamn ayd mixotfu rmei ndb,e caolmpseroso blteimca. Advanicenps h ysitchspe,a radigmamtaiticeaarlldilisyst c iphlaivsneoe m,e times seemteord e intrtohdeu cneoo ftc ioonns cioausws enleTlsh.sem osetx treexmaem pilse thaotfq uantmuemc hcasnw,ih ertehr eo loeft h'eo bsepravrearxd'io casleleym teod becoemses entioanllf yo knron to withndegi screte pohfne antoumbreuenet,av efno r thevierre yx istaesdn icsec prheetneo mFeonoran .m anwye ll-kinnotwenr porneosft ati quantmuemc haniiht cassse emedi tt hiast otfoh bes earcvtia ttsieolnf s owmheihcohw caustehs'e colloafp stweha'ev feun cti(odne scrtihbpeir noagbb iliotfa ip easr ticle maneisftiinnag n yp arctuillaorc attihorno ugthhoeu tu niavnedtr hsee )c onsequent localeixziesdto eftn hcpeea rtiincq luee stTihoensi.en teertpartairooenf cs o urrsaed i calcloyu rnt-eintuciatliltvihenme,ga t aelriipsatr addiigrme icnttqlouy e stTihoepn r.o b lemisn volhveerde calreeai rlllryua stbteydS chrOd'isfna gmeorus in't chabeto x' padroaxS.c hrOdiinnvgieutrste ocs o nsiapd heyrs iscyasltc eomn siosfat icnagt b oixn; a untsiolm eoonbes erivtte,hse e q uatoifoq nusa ntmuemc haniimcpsl y tthihssay stt em cabne avi anr ioefst tya -teisn clutdhionisgnwe h itchhce a itds e aadn odt heirnws h ich iitas l i-vbeu tth iaittns o itfn ac tin a nyoonfte h esstea utnetsii tla citsu oablsleyr ved. Conseqluyei,nt t iinsc ortrote hcittn hka tth e icsa t eialtihovererd eaudn tainl observtahtaito nc ollqaupasnetpsur moat bbhiel iinttaipo ea sr tisctual(taiwern h icthhe caitse itahleirov rde e atda)k pelsa Tcheu.fs o r ttihm(eea d aoyr a w eeekt,.c d)u ring whicthhc ea rte mains uniotbn seiesir tvdheeedanr do arl idvees,p tihtfeea t ct haotn ce thsey stiersme levantly owbislbeelar bvlteeosd a dyoe nfien ittihviaehttla ybd e eonn e ort hoet hdeurr itnhgi s timper.o bTltheiumcsaa,tl hlseyt ,a (tien cluedvietnnhg e locatoifoo bjne)c itns utnhiev earpspee taorb ses ignificuanndteltye rumnitnaie ld conscaicootufo s b servatipolna Actena.dek veesan f ttehria cst tpalkaiecrstee mnasi 4 Computaesrs isetveadl uatoifpo rnoso tfosol engtthobey calculbayth eadn adr aer guabapl ayr tial excepttioto hni gse nerraull e. 4 J.S HEAR paradoxfiocoran le,i sc ompeltloeh do ltdh aetv etnh ougthh ce awt anse itdheaendr o r alipvrei toorb einogb servaefdt,te hroe b servatiopnl atcoaenk ece asnb es urteh aetx actly oneo ft hestew oa lternahtaibvdee set nhec asen,a meltyh,a itth abde eanl i(vieif tw as aliovnet hseu bsequoebnste rvaotirto hnai)tth ando Ctl.e artlhyil so gidcialle mmtao,o , poseas d eeppr oblfeomro urc ommonsensmiactaelr ialistic-cmoenccheapntioisfot ni c objectrievael ity. Ita lsdoe monstrastiegsn ifiicnaandte quaicnoi uersn otioofnc onsciousFnoeras ns . obvioruesj ointdote hre' caitnt hbeo xp'a radiostx h atth ce asth oul'dk nowi'fi tw ere alivFeo.rt hec atw,h enc onsciowuosu,lo dft enb eo bserviitnesgn vironmaenndtt h,e specifiocfii ttyps e rceptwioounlsd impltyh weta hvaeft u nctihoandas l reacdoyl lapsed priotroo uro wn( human) obserBvuattc ioounlasd c. atc'osns ciouscnaeusstseh e collaopfst eh ew avef unctiWoonu?l di tosbs ervatbiero enlse vtaont th ef ormaliosfm s quantumme chaniWcosu?l d tphreoyv itdheer elev'ainntf ormaotri' oknn'o wledIgfe '? notw,h yn otA?n di fa c ata'wsa reness dcoto huilsd, whatth aoatfba onua tm oebaF?o r amoebas clearliyn fdoirsmpaltaiyo nb-edhraivviOeornri .sa na moebnao tc onsciaotu s allor,n otr elevainntfloyr mation-reAsgpaoininsf,ni ovtwe,h? y n otA?r et hedrief ferent typesof c onsciousannedos nsl,sy o meo ft hesree levtaoqn uta ntum-mechcaonlilcaapls e? Ifs ow,h aatr et hewyh,a atr et hediirs tindcitfifveer eanncdhe osw,d ot hesdei fferences relattote h ed ynamiocfsq uantumme chanical prIoncs ehsosrteths,e'? c aitnt heb ox' paradoixna, d dittiooh ni ghligthhtpeiu nzgz olfeo bservationq-udarnitvumemen c hani cal' collaapnsdet 'h ep aradoofxs tatseism ultaneeoxuissltyi ng-and-noatl-seox isting, suggetshtasst u cpha radigmaaltlmiyec n tal phenaos'm cenoan scious'nkensosw'l,ed ge' and' informanteieotdno b' e a nalysweidtm hu chf indeirs criminbaetfiotorhnee riorl es in- ando verarlell attio-o np hysical scyasnbt eep mrso peurnldye rstood. Thusa,ft etrh recee nturoifde osm inantchees, t andmaartde riaplairsatd ihgamsb een forcbeyda dvancienqs u antmuemc hantiocw sr estolnec aeg aiwni twhh aatp peatrobs e a majoarn omaltyh:en atuarned r oloef c onsciousinnpe hsyss iscyaslt eTmhse.e mer gencoeft h'e haprrdo bleomfc' o nsciouisnntetosh sfe o refroofpn hti losopdhiisccaolu rse canb eu nderstaosop da rotf t hirse examinaptrioocneH sosw., i na basicamlaltye rial univerasreew, e t ou ndersteavnedtn h eb areex istoefcn ocnesc iousHnoews cso?u lidt evehra veem erged? We shoulredm inodu rselhvoewse,v etrh,aa tl ternattiovt ehsem ateripaelrisspte ctive havoef c ourbseee dne veloapneddd efendtehdr oughtohueht i stoorfmy o dernW estern philosoDpehsyc.a rdteusa'l isspml tihtue n iveirnsteto w od istiinncdte,p entdyepneotsf 'substacnocmep'r,i sriensgp,e ctitvheeml ayt,h ematically-doebsjcercitpbihavybesl ie S cal-sparteiaalslmt udibeyds ciencaen,dt hes ubjectsipvier itrueaallom f m indo r 6 consciouspnreospse,tr hledyo maionfr eligiSopni.noszpal tihteu niveirnsteto h sea me twor ealmbsu,ta rgumeod nisatliltcyh at they waetrter ibbooufatt fh eu sr thuenrd,e rlying substaLnecei.b ndietvze loap e'dp anpsychic'o fp trhee-osrpya tio-mtoenmapdoisrn a l whicehv ertyh inngo,m attehorw m erelpyh ysicaandln onconsciitom uisg ht seem, S Descartweosr'ki nt his areoaf c owuars,sa em ,a jofra ctiontr h dee velopmoeftn htne o ws tandard materialistic-mpeacrhaadniigsmt.i c Indeetdh,ve e rfya ctth atth e' harpdr oblesme'e msso h artdo daiyso ftenh eltdob et hlee gaocfy 6 Descartdeusa'l iasnmd,t hper oblietms ieslo ff tefno rmulaitnte edr mosft hdei fficulotfry e connect ingc ausaalnldyo ntologiwchaalDtle ys carstoef so rcefully divided.
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