Explainable, Transparent Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems: First International Workshop, EXTRAAMAS 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, May 13–14, 2019, Revised Selected Papers PDF
Preview Explainable, Transparent Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems: First International Workshop, EXTRAAMAS 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, May 13–14, 2019, Revised Selected Papers
Davide Calvaresi · Amro Najjar · Michael Schumacher · Kary Främling (Eds.) Explainable, Transparent 3 6 7 Autonomous Agents and 1 1 I A Multi-Agent Systems N L First International Workshop, EXTRAAMAS 2019 Montreal, QC, Canada, May 13–14, 2019 Revised Selected Papers 123 fi Lecture Notes in Arti cial Intelligence 11763 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science Series Editors Randy Goebel University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Yuzuru Tanaka Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Wolfgang Wahlster DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany Founding Editor Jörg Siekmann DFKI and Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/1244 Davide Calvaresi Amro Najjar (cid:129) (cid:129) ä Michael Schumacher Kary Fr mling (Eds.) (cid:129) Explainable, Transparent Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems First International Workshop, EXTRAAMAS 2019 – Montreal, QC, Canada, May 13 14, 2019 Revised Selected Papers 123 Editors Davide Calvaresi AmroNajjar University of AppliedSciences University of Luxembourg of Western Switzerland (HES-SO) Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg Sierre, Switzerland Kary Främling Michael Schumacher UmeåUniversity University of AppliedSciences Umeå,Sweden of Western Switzerland (HES-SO) Sierre, Switzerland ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic) Lecture Notesin Artificial Intelligence ISBN 978-3-030-30390-7 ISBN978-3-030-30391-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30391-4 LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynow knownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookare believedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsin publishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface In the last decade, the dependency of our society towards intelligent systems has dramatically escalated. For example, data-driven techniques (typical of machine learning - ML) such as classification, regression, and clustering are increasingly employed in semi-automated diagnosis based on medical image recognition, financial market forecasting, and customer profiling. The internal mechanisms for such systems are opaque and not understandable nor explainable. Therefore, humans are still intertwined with those semi-automated intelligent systems due to legal, ethical, and user-requirement reasons. Moreover, the real world is characterized by uncountable and heterogeneous (possibly abstract) stimuli concurring in the composition of complex/articulated information. Persisting with specific and isolated solutions (heavily demanding continuous handcrafting) would only enhance the already unsustainable human-overhead. To cope with the real world heterogeneity and enforce AI/ML trustworthiness, the recently born discipline named eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) moved towardsDistributedArtificialIntelligence(DAI)approaches.Inparticular,theresearch community is fostering the adoption of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) embodying DAI (e.g.,autonomousvehicles,robots,smartbuildings,andIoT)toenforceexplainability, transparency, and (above all) trustworthiness. This volume contains a selection of the extended papers presented at the First International Workshop on EXplainable TRansparent Autonomous Agents and Multi-AgentSystems(EXTRAAMAS2019),heldinconjunctionwiththeInternational ConferenceonAutonomousAgentsandMulti-AgentSystems(AAMAS2019),during May 13–14, 2019, in Montreal, Canada. The EXTRAAMAS 2019 organizers would like to thank the publicity chairs and Program Committee for their valuable work. June 2019 Davide Calvaresi Amro Najjar Michael Schumacher Kary Främling Organization General Chair Davide Calvaresi University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Switzerland Amro Najjar University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg Michael Schumacher University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Switzerland Kary Främling Umeå University, Sweden Publicity Chairs Yazan Mualla University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, France Timotheus Kampik Umeå University, Sweden Amber Zelvelder Umeå University, Sweden Program Committee Andrea Omicini Università di Bologna, Italy Ofra Amir Technion IE&M, Israel Joost Broekens TU Delft, The Netherlands Olivier Boissier ENS, Mines Saint-Étienne, France J. Carlos N. Sanchez Umeå University, Sweden Tathagata Chakraborti IBM Research AI, USA Salima Hassas Lyon 1, France Gauthier Picard EMSE Saint-Étienne, France Jean-Guy Mailly Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris Descartes, France Aldo F. Dragoni Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Patrick Reignier LIG Grenoble, France Stephane Galland UTBM, France Laurent Vercouter INSA Rouen, France Helena Lindgren Umeå University, Sweden Grégory Bonnet University of Caen, France Jean-Paul Calbimonte University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Switzerland Sarath Sreedharan Arizona State University, USA Brent Harrison Georgia Institute of technology, USA Koen Hindriks VU, The Netherlands Laëtitia Matignon University Lyon 1, France Simone Stumpf London City University, UK Michael W. Floyd Knexus Research, USA Kim Baraka CMU, USA viii Organization Dustin Dannenhauer Naval Research Lab, USA Daniele Magazzeni King’s College London, UK Cesar A. Tacla UTFPR, Brazil Mor Vered University of Melbourne, Australia Ronal Singh University of Melbourne, Australia Divya Pandove Glover Park Group, USA Husanbir Singh Pannu Thapar institute of Engineering and Technology, India Avleen Malhi Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, India Stefano Bromuri Open University of the Netherlands, The Netherlands Rob Wortham University of Bath, UK Fabien Dubosson University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Switzerland Giuseppe Albanese University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Switzerland Suna Bensch Umeå University, Sweden Timotheus Kampik Umeå University, Sweden Flavien Balbo École des Mines de Saint-Étienne, France Yazan Mualla UTBM, France Nicola Falcionelli Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy A. El Fallah Seghrouchni Sorbonne University, France Önder Gürcan CEA, France Stefan Sarkadi King’s College London, UK Contents Explanation and Transparency Towards a Transparent Deep Ensemble Method Based on Multiagent Argumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Naziha Sendi, Nadia Abchiche-Mimouni, and Farida Zehraoui Effects of Agents’ Transparency on Teamwork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Silvia Tulli, Filipa Correia, Samuel Mascarenhas, Samuel Gomes, Francisco S. Melo, and Ana Paiva Explainable Robots Explainable Multi-Agent Systems Through Blockchain Technology. . . . . . . . 41 Davide Calvaresi, Yazan Mualla, Amro Najjar, Stéphane Galland, and Michael Schumacher Explaining Sympathetic Actions of Rational Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Timotheus Kampik, Juan Carlos Nieves, and Helena Lindgren Conversational Interfaces for Explainable AI: A Human-Centred Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Sophie F. Jentzsch, Sviatlana Höhn, and Nico Hochgeschwender Opening the Black Box Explanations of Black-Box Model Predictions by Contextual Importance and Utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Sule Anjomshoae, Kary Främling, and Amro Najjar Explainable Artificial Intelligence Based Heat Recycler Fault Detection in Air Handling Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Manik Madhikermi, Avleen Kaur Malhi, and Kary Främling Explainable Agent Simulations Explaining Aggregate Behaviour in Cognitive Agent Simulations Using Explanation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Tobias Ahlbrecht and Michael Winikoff BEN: An Agent Architecture for Explainable and Expressive Behavior in Social Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Mathieu Bourgais, Patrick Taillandier, and Laurent Vercouter x Contents Planning and Argumentation Temporal Multiagent Plan Execution: Explaining What Happened. . . . . . . . . 167 Gianluca Torta, Roberto Micalizio, and Samuele Sormano Explainable Argumentation for Wellness Consultation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Isabel Sassoon, Nadin Kökciyan, Elizabeth Sklar, and Simon Parsons Explainable AI and Cognitive Science A Historical Perspective on Cognitive Science and Its Influence on XAI Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Marcus Westberg, Amber Zelvelder, and Amro Najjar Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
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