Expert Report by Professor Richard Evans

442 Pages·1.761 MB·English

by  Evans R.

Expert Report by Professor Richard Evans
(2000)
IRVING VS. (1) LIPSTADT AND (2) PENGUIN BOOKS
EXPERT WITNESS REPORT BY RICHARD J. EVANS FBA
Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge
Warning: This title page does not belong to the original
report. The original report starts on the second page
which is to be considered page number 1.
IRVING VS. (1) LIPSTADT AND (2) PENGUIN BOOKS
EXPERT WITNESS REPORT BY RICHARD J. EVANS FBA
Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge
Contents
1. Introduction 3
1.1 Purpose of this Report 3
1.2 Material Instructions 4
1.3 Author of the Report 4
1.4 Curriculum vitae 9
1.5 Methods used to draw up this Report 14
1.6 Argument and structure of the Report 19
2. Irving the historian 26
2.1 Publishing career 26
2.2 Qualifications 28
2.3 Professional historians and archival research 29
2.4 Documents and sources 35
2.5 Reputation 41
2.6 Conclusion 64
3. Irving and Holocaust denial66
3.1 Definitions of ‘The Holocaust’ 67
3.2 Holocaust denial 77
3.3 The arguments before the court 87
(a) Lipstadt’s allegations and Irving’s replies 87
(b) The 1977 edition of Hitler’s War 89
(c) The 1991 edition of Hitler’s War 92
(d) Irving’s biography of Hermann Göring 100
(e) Conclusion 103
3.4 Irving and the central tenets of Holocaust denial106
(a) Numbers of Jews killed 106
(b)Use of gas chambers 126
(c) Systematic nature of the extermination 134
(d) Evidence for the Holocaust 140
(e) Conclusion 173
3.5 Connections with Holocaust deniers 174
(a) The Institute for Historical Review 174
(b) Other Holocaust deniers 190
3.6 Conclusion 200
4. Irving’s writings on Hitler 205
(cid:13)(cid:96)(cid:136)(cid:204)(cid:105)(cid:96)(cid:202)(cid:220)(cid:136)(cid:204)(cid:133)(cid:202)(cid:22)(cid:152)(cid:118)(cid:136)(cid:221)(cid:202)(cid:42)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:202)(cid:13)(cid:96)(cid:136)(cid:204)(cid:156)(cid:192)(cid:202)
(cid:135)(cid:202)(cid:118)(cid:192)(cid:105)(cid:105)(cid:202)(cid:118)(cid:156)(cid:192)(cid:202)(cid:152)(cid:156)(cid:152)(cid:135)(cid:86)(cid:156)(cid:147)(cid:147)(cid:105)(cid:192)(cid:86)(cid:136)(cid:62)(cid:143)(cid:202)(cid:213)(cid:195)(cid:105)(cid:176)
(cid:47)(cid:156)(cid:202)(cid:192)(cid:105)(cid:147)(cid:156)(cid:219)(cid:105)(cid:202)(cid:204)(cid:133)(cid:136)(cid:195)(cid:202)(cid:152)(cid:156)(cid:204)(cid:136)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:202)(cid:219)(cid:136)(cid:195)(cid:136)(cid:204)(cid:92)(cid:202)
(cid:220)(cid:220)(cid:220)(cid:176)(cid:136)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:152)(cid:136)(cid:176)(cid:86)(cid:156)(cid:147)(cid:201)(cid:213)(cid:152)(cid:143)(cid:156)(cid:86)(cid:142)(cid:176)(cid:133)(cid:204)(cid:147)
4.1 Admiration 205
4.2 Exculpation 217
4.3 Historical method: case-studies 220
(a) Irving’s ‘chain of documents’ 220
(b) Evidence at Hitler’s trial in 1924 223
(c) ‘Reichskristallnacht’ November 1938 233
(d) The expulsion of Jews from Berlin, 1941 317
(e) The Schlegelberger note, 1942 363
(f) The Goebbels Diary entry of 27 March 1942 395
(g) The Himmler minute of 7 October 1942 428
(h) Hitler’s meetings with Antonescu and Horthy in April 1943 437
(i) The deportation and murder of the Roman Jews in October 1943 456
(j) Ribbentrop’s evidence at Nuremberg 478
5. Irving’s use of evidence 493
5.1 Introduction 493
5.2 The bombing of Dresden 497
(a) Background 497
(b) Irving’s The Destruction of Dresden 499
(c) Misstatement, misrepresentation, misattribution 500
(d) Falsification of statistics 508
(e) Dresden and Holocaust denial 564
a (f) Conclusion
570
5.3 The evidence of Hitler’s adjutants 573
(a) Background 573
(b) Hitler’s entourage and its postwar evidence 589
(c) Individuals in the entourage 617
(d) Hitler’s decision-making process 678
(e) Conclusion 687
5.4 Explaining Nazi antisemitism 691
(a) Introduction 691
(b) Jewish criminality 692
i (c) The boycott of 1 April 1933 698
(d) Chaim Weizmann’s alleged ‘declaration of war’ in 1939 705
(e) The Eichmann memoirs 717
(f) The ‘Kaufman plan’ 718
6. Conclusion 726
(cid:13)(cid:96)(cid:136)(cid:204)(cid:105)(cid:96)(cid:202)(cid:220)(cid:136)(cid:204)(cid:133)(cid:202)(cid:22)(cid:152)(cid:118)(cid:136)(cid:221)(cid:202)(cid:42)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:202)(cid:13)(cid:96)(cid:136)(cid:204)(cid:156)(cid:192)(cid:202)
(cid:135)(cid:202)(cid:118)(cid:192)(cid:105)(cid:105)(cid:202)(cid:118)(cid:156)(cid:192)(cid:202)(cid:152)(cid:156)(cid:152)(cid:135)(cid:86)(cid:156)(cid:147)(cid:147)(cid:105)(cid:192)(cid:86)(cid:136)(cid:62)(cid:143)(cid:202)(cid:213)(cid:195)(cid:105)(cid:176)
(cid:47)(cid:156)(cid:202)(cid:192)(cid:105)(cid:147)(cid:156)(cid:219)(cid:105)(cid:202)(cid:204)(cid:133)(cid:136)(cid:195)(cid:202)(cid:152)(cid:156)(cid:204)(cid:136)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:93)(cid:202)(cid:219)(cid:136)(cid:195)(cid:136)(cid:204)(cid:92)(cid:202)
(cid:220)(cid:220)(cid:220)(cid:176)(cid:136)(cid:86)(cid:105)(cid:152)(cid:136)(cid:176)(cid:86)(cid:156)(cid:147)(cid:201)(cid:213)(cid:152)(cid:143)(cid:156)(cid:86)(cid:142)(cid:176)(cid:133)(cid:204)(cid:147)
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose of this Report
1.1.1 This Report is prepared pursuant to the Order of Master Trench dated 15 December
1998 directing that each party may adduce expert evidence from historians and po-
litical scientists to address relevant issues in the proceedings. It has been written to
assist the Court by providing an expert opinion on allegations made in Professor
Deborah Lipstadt’s book Denying the Holocaust: The Growing Assault on Truth and
Memory, published in 1994 by Penguin Books, about Mr. David Irving.
1.1.2 The book makes a variety of claims about Irving and his work, to which Irving has
objected in his libel writ; only those which fall within the scope of my expertise as a
professional historian will be considered. These claims can be summarised under
four headings. They are as follows (references are to the page of the book on which
they occur):
1. Irving is ‘a discredited figure’ as a historian (p. 180)1. Irving has become a
Holocaust denier (p. 111). He had ‘long equated the actions of Hitler and
Allied leaders, an equivalence that was made easier by his claims that the
Final Solution took place without Hitler’s knowledge’ (p. 162). In 1988, Irving,
‘who had long hovered at the edge of Holocaust denial’ (p. 162), was con-
verted to the idea that the gas chambers were a myth (p. 179). ‘Irving is one of
the most dangerous spokespersons for Holocaust denial’ (p. 181). He has
connections with Holocaust deniers (p. 181).
2. Irving skews documents and misrepresents data in order to exonerate Hitler.
He is ‘an ardent admirer of the Nazi leader’ (p. 161).
3. Holocaust deniers ‘misstate, misquote, falsify statistics, and falsely attribute
conclusions to reliable sources. They rely on books that directly contradict
their arguments, quoting in a manner that completely distorts the authors’
objectives’ (p. 111). Since this statement comes immediately after the allega-
tion that Irving has become a Holocaust denier, the implication that he does
all these things too is unmistakable. Indeed, Lipstadt also claims that scholars
‘have accused him of distorting evidence and manipulating documents to serve
his own purposes’ and of ‘skewing documents and misrepresenting data in
order to reach historically untenable conclusions’ (p. 161). ‘Familiar with his-
torical evidence, he bends it until it conforms with his ideological leanings
and political agenda...he is most facile at taking accurate information and
shaping it to confirm his conclusions’ (p. 181).
The sources and methods used in this report to assess these claims will be outlined
later in this Introduction.
1.2 Material instructions
1.2.1 This report has been prepared on the instructions of Davenport Lyons and Mishcon
de Reya, the solicitors respectively to the First and Second Defandants. I received
both written and oral instructions to provide expert opinion on the historical writ-
ings and speeches of David Irving with reference to the allegations made about
them by Deborah Lipstadt. I have been given access to the Statement of Claim
served on 5 September 1996; the Defences of the First and Second Defendants
served on 12 February 1997 and 18 April 1997 respectively; the Reply to both
Defences served on 19 April 1997; documents disclosed by the Plaintiff pursuant to
his discovery obligatoons, and various documents from the Plaintiff’s various Lists
of Documents as referred to in the footnotes to this report.
1.3 Author of the Report
1.3.1 I am a recognized authority on modern German history and have been teaching and
researching it for the last thirty years. Since I began researching for my Oxford D.Phil.
dissertation in 1969, I have acquired an excellent knowledge of German: I wrote my
book Kneipengespräche im Kaiserreich: Die Stimmungsberichte der Hamburger Politischen
Polizei 1892-1914 (Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1989) in German myself,
and I have lectured in German at numerous German universities and on various
public venues. As a result of my book on the Hamburg cholera epidemic of 1892
(Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the CholeraY ears 1830-1910 (Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1987; German edition 1990) I was invited to deliver the principal address
in German at the centenary commemoration in Hamburg City Hall in 1992. I have
made numerous radio and television broadcasts in German, for North German Ra-
dio and other stations as well as for the BBC World Service, and my work on Ham-
burg was the subject of a 45-minute television programme, featuring interviews with
me in German, in 1989 (Mr. Evans geht durch Hamburg, NDR 3).
1.3.2 Because my research has necessitated lengthy periods of research in German ar-
chives and libraries, I have spent a great deal of time in Germany over the last thirty
years, including eighteen months as a Hanseatic Scholar in Hamburg and Berlin in
1970-72, eighteen months as a Research Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt
Foundation at the Free University of Berlin in 1981, 1985 and 1989, and various
periods as a Research Scholar or Senior Scholar of the German Academic Exchange
Service. I have also twice been a resident member of the Institute for European
History in Mainz. My work has taken me to virtually all major German towns and
cities, including Bamberg, Bochum, Bremen, Coburg, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Erfurt,
Essen, Frankfurt, Karlsruhe, Leipzig, Magdeburg, Munich, Potsdam, Schwerin, Stutt-
gart, and so on. I am familiar with Germany and the Germans as well as with the
German language.
1.3.3 My research has ranged widely over German history in the last three centuries. It has
become well known for the thoroughness and comprehensiveness of its use of un-
published manuscript material. Much of it has concentrated on the nineteenth cen-
tury. Some of my most important work, however, has also dealt with the Second
World War. In particular my book Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Ger-
many 1600-1987 (Oxford University Press, 1996), based on unpublished manuscripts
and typescripts in 26 archives, contains three Chapters (pp. 613-737) on the ‘Third
Reich’, of which Chapter 16 (pp. 689-737) deals exclusively on the war years 1939-
45, using particularly files of the Reich Ministry of Justice in the German Federal
Archive (Bundesarchiv) in Koblenz. More recently, my current work on the history
of German criminology has led me to use material in the Institut für Zeitgeschichte
(Institute for Contemporary History) in Munich.
1.3.4 I am also familiar with the printed and published documentation of the ‘Third Reich’,
which is extremely voluminous. I have used some of it in my published work, but I
have also made use of it in my teaching: since 1972 I have been teaching a docu-
ment-based Special Subject on the ‘Third Reich’, first at the University of East An-
glia, then at Birkbeck College, University of London, and from the year 2000 in the
History Faculty at Cambridge University.
1.3.5 I am internationally recognized as an authority on modern German history, includ-
ing the history of Germany during the Second World War: six of my books have been
published in German, and my work has also been translated into French, Hebrew,
Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Swedish, and other languages. I have given over
two hundred lectures and conference or seminar papers at universities and other
venues in many countries, including Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, and the USA.
1.3.6 I am also recognized as an authority on historiography, that is, on historical theory
and method. In particular, my book In Defence of History, published by Granta Books
in 1997, has attracted widespread praise. It has been described by Bernard Crick as
‘a rare intellectual achievement, speaking lucidly to both historians and to the gen-
eral reader’, and according to Sir Keith Thomas (President of the British Academy)
‘deserves to be essential reading for coming generations’. It was praised in the Daily
Telegraph, the Guardian, the Financial Times and other newspapers as a strong de-
fence of the idea of objectivity in history. It was published in a revised edition by W.
W. Norton & Co., New York, in 1999, has been translated into German (Fakten und
Fiktionen: Über die Grundlagen historischer Erkenntnis, Campus Verlag, 1998) and
Korean, and is contracted to appear in translated editions in Japanese, Portuguese,
Swedish and Turkish.
1.3.7 My books have not only been widely translated, they are also widely read in compari-
son to most academic texts. Death in Hamburg in particular has sold an estimated
13,000 copies in the German edition and 8,000 in English. In Defence of History went
through three editions in hardback before its publication in paperback and has sold
over 10,000 copies. Rituals of Retribution has been published in a paperback edition
by Penguin Books. Three of my books in German have been produced by a commer-
cial publishing house (Rowohlt Verlag) and published as trade paperbacks. I have
always made a point of trying to appeal to a wide readership.
1.3.8 My work has won a number of prizes and awards in Britain, Germany and the USA,
including the Fraenkel Prize for Contemporary History, the Hamburger Medaille
für Kunst und Wissenschaft, the William H. Welch Medal of the American Associa-
tion for the History of Medicine, and the Wolfson Literary Award for History. I am a
Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and was elected a Fellow of the British Acad-
emy in 1993.
1.3.9 My reputation as a recognized authority on Germany, German history and the theory
and practice of history has led to frequent invitations to broadcast on the BBC, in
particular Radio 3 and Radio 4, on programmes including Kaleidoscope, Front Row,
Start the Week, In Our Time, Nightwaves, and Today.
1.4 Curriculum vitae
Richard John Evans: Born 29 September 1947 in Woodford, Essex: British Citizen
(I) EDUCATlON AND DEGREES
1955-59 St. Aubyn’s School, Woodford, London E.17
1959-66 Forest School, Walthamstow, London E.17
1965-66 ‘A’ level Grade ‘A’ in History, English, Latin, Ancient History
1966-69 Open Scholar in Modern History, Jesus College,Oxford
1969 First Class Honours in Modern History, Oxford University
1969-72 Student of St. Antony’s College, Oxford
1970-72 Hanseatic Scholar, F.V.S. Foundation, Hamburg and Berlin
1970-71 Studies at Europa-Kolleg, Hamburg University
1973 M.A. in Modern History, University of Oxford
1973 D.Phil., University of Oxford
1990 Litt.D., University of East Anglia
(II) EMPLOYMENT RECORD
1972-76 Lecturer in History, University of Stirling, Scotland
1976-83 Lecturer in European History, University of East Anglia
1980 Visiting Associate Professor of European History, Columbia
University, New York City
1981 Visiting Lecturer in History, Umeå University, Sweden
1983-89 Professor of European History, University of East Anglia, Norwich
1989-98 Professor of History, Birkbeck College, University of London
1993-7 Vice-Master, Birkbeck College, University of London
1997 Acting Master, Birkbeck College, University of London
1998- Professor of Modern History, University of Cambridge
1998- Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
(III) PRIZES, AWARDS AND DISTINCTIONS
1969 Stanhope Historical Essay Prize, University of Oxford
1988 Wolfson Literary Award for History
1 William H. Welch Medal of the American Association for the History of
Medicine
1 Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft des Senats der Freien- und
Hansestadt Hamburg (civic medal for cultural services)
1994 Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History
1998 Honorary Fellow, Jesus College, Oxford
(IV) PROFESSlONAL ACTlVlTlES
1978- Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
1989-92 Chair of the German History Society
1993- Fellow of the British Academy
1995- Member, Panel of Judges, Wolfson Literary Awards in History
1996- Member, Panel of Judges, Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History
(V) RESEARCH FELLOWSHlPS
1975 DAAD Research Scholar, Institute for European History, Mainz
1980 DAAD Research Scholar, Free University of Berlin
1981 Research Fellow, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation,
Free University of Berlin (renewed 1985, 1989)
1986 Visiting Fellow, Humanities Research Centre, Australian
National University, Canberra
1987 British Council Visiting Fellow, Karl-Marx-University, Leipzig
1 DAAD Senior Research Scholar, University of Karlsruhe
(VI) EDlTORlAL ACTlVlTlES
1983-86 Founder editor of German History
1986-98 Editorial Board, German History.
1987- General Editor, A Social History of Europe (Routledge)
(2 volumes published to date, 8 more commissioned)
1989 Editorial Board, Fischer Europäische Geschichte
(60 volumes projected, first twelve published 1996)
1993 Editorial Board, Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung
1994 Advisory Editor, A Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century World History, ed.
John Belchem and Richard Price (Blackwell, Oxford, 1994; reprinted
as The Penguin Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century World History,
1996). This followed on a report I was commissioned to submit to
Penguin Books on their old Dictionary of Modern History in the late
1980s.
1- Editorial Board, Crime, History and Societies
2- Editor, Journal of Contemporary History
1998- Editorial Advisory Board, History Review
(VII) CONSULTANClES
Referee and consultant for Oxford University Press (Oxford and New York), Cambridge
University Press, Weidenfeld, Harvard University Press, Macmillan, Yale University Press,
Berg, Harper-Collins, I.B.Tauris, Penguin, Boxtree Books, Unwin Hyman, Blackwell,
Polity Press, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Rowohlt Verlag. Referee for research project
proposals for SSRC/ESRC, Wellcome Trust, National Endowment for the Humanities
(USA), British Academy, Humanities Research Board, Israel Science Foundation,
Leverhulme Trust, and University of Manchester research fund.
(VII) BOOKS PUBLISHED
(1) THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT IN GERMANY 1894-1933
(ISBN 0-8039-9951-8 hardback, 0-8039-9996-8 paper; London and Beverly Hills,
SAGE publications, October 1976, pp.xiv+310). Reprinted 1978.
(2) THE FEMINISTS. Women’s Emancipation Movements in Europe, America and
Australasia 1840-1920
(lSBN 0-85664-212-6, London, Croom Helm; New York, Barnes & Noble, October
1977,pp. 266) Revised paperback edition July 1979.(ISBN 0-85664-977-5; Reprinted
1984.
Swedish edition: Kvinnorörelsens historia i Europa, USA, Australien och Nya Zeeland
1840-1920 (ISBN 91-38-04920-1, Liber Forlag, Stockholm, Dec. 1979, pp. 348).
Norwegian edition: Kvinnebevaegelsens historie i Europa, USA och Nya Zeeland 1840-
1920 (lSBN 82 00-02447-4 Universitetsforlaget Oslo, 1980, pp. 348)
Spanish edition: Las feministas. Los movimentos de emancipación de la mujer en
Europa, America y Australasia 1840-1920 (lSBN 84-323-0392-5 Siglo veintiuno de
España Editores, Madrid, Nov. 1980, pp. 314).
Korean edition (ISBN 89-364-1152-7, Seoul, 1997, revised and updated, pp. 373;
awarded ‘Good Book’ Prize by Korean Ministry for Culture and Communications,
1997).
(3) SOCIETY AND POLITICS IN WILHELMINE GERMANY (Editor)
(lSBN 0-85664-347-5 London, Croom Helm; New York, Barnes & Noble, February
1978. pp. 306)
Paperback edition March 1980 (lSBN 0-7099-0429-10).
Japanese edition: Biruherumu Jidai no Doitsu - ‘Shita Kara’ no Shakaishi (lSBN 4-7710-
0393-9, trans. Yukio Mochida, Koyo Shobo, Kyoto, December 1987, pp. 296).
(4) SOZIALDEMOKRATIE UND FRAUENEMANZIPATION IM DEUTSCHEN
KAISERREICH
(translated by W. G. Sebald; ISBN 3-8021-119-3 Berlin-Bonn, Verlag J.H.W Dietz
Nachfolger, Internationale Bibliothek, Vol. 119, October 1979, pp. 368; revised versions
of selected chapters and sections in Comrades and Sisters, June 1987, and Proletarians
and Politics, November 1990).
(5) THE GERMAN FAMILY: Essays in the social history of the family in Germany in
the 19th and 20th centuries (Editor, with W.R. Lee)
(lSBN 0-7099-0067-5 London, Croom Helm; Totowa, NJ, Barnes & Noble, March 1981,
pp. 302).
(6) THE GERMAN WORKING CLASS 1888-1933: The Politics of Everyday Life (Edi-
tor)
(ISBN 0-7099-0431-2, London, Croom Helm; Totowa, NJ, Barnes & Noble, January
1982, pp. 256).
(7) THE GERMAN PEASANTRY. Conflict and Community in Rural Society from the
Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century (Editor, with W.R. Lee)
(lSBN 0-7099-0932-2 London and Sydney, Croom Helm, January 1986, pp. xiii + 305).
(8) THE GERMAN UNEMPLOYED: Experiences and Consequences of Mass Unem-
ployment from the Weimar Republic to the ‘Third Reich’ (Editor, with Dick Geary)
(lSBN 0-709-0941-1, London and Sydney, Croom Helm, January 1987, pp. xviii + 314).
(9) COMRADES AND SISTERS: Feminism, Socialism and Pacifism in Europe 1870-
1945
(lSBN 0-312-00963-1, London, Wheatsheaf Books; New York, St. Martin’s Press, June
1987, pp.xii + 203).
(10) DEATH IN HAMBURG: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years 1830-1910
(lSBN 0-19-822864-3, Oxford and New York, Clarendon Press, October 1987, pp. xxvi
+ 676).
Paperback edition September 1990 (lSBN 0-14-012473-X, Penguin Books, pp. xxiv +
673), Reprinted August 1994.
German edition: Tod in Hamburg: Stadt, Gesellschaft und Politik in den Cholera-Jahren
1830-1910 (lSBN 3-498-01648-2, Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg, September
1990, pp. 848); Reprinted February 1991, April 1991, June 1991
Paperback reprint of German edition with new Afterword (ISBN 3-499-60249-0,
Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg, August 1996).
(11) RETHINKING GERMAN HISTORY: Nineteenth-century Germany and the
Origins of the ‘Third Reich’
(lSBN 0-04-943051-3, London, Unwin Hyman, October 1987, pp. 314)
Paperback reprint: ISBN 0-04-445720-0, October 1989.
Japanese edition of three chapters: David Blackbourn, Geoff Eley and Richard J.Evans,
Igirisu Shakai Shiha no Doitsu Shiron (Discourses on German Social History by the
British Social History Faction, trans. Yukio Mochida et al., ISBN 4-7710-0593-1, Koyo
Shobo, Kyoto, 1992, pp. 242).
(12) KNEIPENGESPRÄCHE IM KAISERREICH. Die Stimmungsberichte der Ham-
burger Politschen Polizei 1892-1914
(ISBN 3-499-18529-6, rororo Sachbuch 8529, Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek bei Hamburg,
June 1989, pp. 428, paperback). This is a collection of 350 out of some 20,000 manu-
script police reports on surveillance of conversations in working-class bars in Hamburg
before the First World War. There is a digest in the final Chapter of Proletarians and Poli-
tics
(13) THE GERMAN UNDERWORLD: Deviants and Outcasts in German History
(Editor)
(ISBN 0-415-00367-9, Routledge, London and New York, July 1988, pp. xiv + 273).
(14) IN HITLER’S SHADOW. West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape
from the Nazi Past
(lSBN 0-394-57686-1, Pantheon Books, New York, August 1989, pp. x + 196, hardback
and paperback editions).
British edition: I .B.Tauris Ltd., November 1989 (hardback ISBN 1-85043-146-9, and
paperback ISBN 1-85043-158-2)
German edition (revised with a new Afterword) : Im Schatten Hitlers? Historikerstreit
und Vergangenheitsbewältigung in der Bundesrepublik (lSBN 3-518-11637-1, Edition
Suhrkamp, Neue Folge, Vol. 637, Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, April 1991, pp.
285, paperback)
Hebrew Edition (revised, with a new Afterword): Bizlo shel Hitler: Historinim ma-ariv-
Germanim venasyonam lehimlat min haever hanazi (ISBN 965-131-0745-5, Oded Pub-
lishers, Tel Aviv, October 1991, pp. 250, paperback)
(15) PROLETARIANS AND POLITICS. Socialism, Protest and the Working Class in
Germany before the First World War
(lSBN 0-7450-0467-9, Wheatsheaf Books, Hemel Hempstead, November 1990, pp. xii
+ 196).
(16) THE GERMAN BOURGEOISIE. Essays on the social history of the German
middle class from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century (Editor, with
David Blackbourn)
( London and New York, Routledge, February 1991, pp. xx + 348, lSBN 0-415-03597-
X) Paperback reprint June 1993 ISBN 0-415-09358-9.
(17) RITUALS OF RETRIBUTION. Capital Punishment in Germany 1600-1987.
(ISBN 0-19-821968-7, Oxford University Press, Oxford, March 1996, pp. xxxii + 1,014)
Paperback reprint ISBN 0-14-025927-9, London, Penguin UK, March 1997
(18) REREADING GERMAN HISTORY. From Unification to Reunification 1800-
1996.