Experiments in General Chemistry: Featuring MeasureNet

446 Pages·2010·2.54 MB·English

by  Bobby Stanton

Experiments in General
Chemistry Featuring
MeasureNet
Guided Inquiry, Self-Directed, and Capstone
Second Edition
Bobby Stanton
University of Georgia
Lin Zhu
Indiana University
Purdue University at Indianapolis
Charles H. Atwood
University of Georgia
Australia . Brazil . Japan . Korea . Mexico . Singapore . Spain . UnitedKingdom . UnitedStates
ExperimentsinGeneralChemistryFeaturingMeasureNet: (cid:1)C 2010,2006Brooks/Cole,CengageLearning
GuidedInquiry,Self-Directed,andCapstone
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Contents
Preface v EXPERIMENT 9
Gravimetric Analysis of a Chloride, Sulfate, or
Acknowledgments vii
Carbonate Compound 111
Common Laboratory Glassware
and Equipment ix EXPERIMENT 10
Emission Analysis of Aqueous Solutions of
Safety Rules xi
Groups IA and IIA Metal Salts 125
Safety Quiz xiii
EXPERIMENT 11
EXPERIMENT 1 Determination of Chromium(VI)
Concentrations Via Absorption
Densities of Some Liquids and Solids 1
Spectroscopy 139
EXPERIMENT 2
EXPERIMENT 12
Specific Heat of Substances 13
Determination of the Concentration of
EXPERIMENT 3 Acetic Acid in Vinegar 155
Chromatography 29
EXPERIMENT 13
EXPERIMENT 4 Solubility, Polarity, Electrolytes, and
Determination of the Percent by Mass of Nonelectrolytes 171
the Components in a Mixture by Thermal
Gravimetric Analysis 43 EXPERIMENT 14
Determination of the Cause of a ‘‘Fish-Kill’’ in
EXPERIMENT 5 the Clark Fork of the Columbia River:
Thermal Insulating Materials: A Self-Directed Experiment 185
A Self-Directed Experiment 53
EXPERIMENT 15
EXPERIMENT 6 Quality Control for the Athenium Baking
Reaction Stoichiometry 57 Soda Company: A Self-Directed
Experiment 189
EXPERIMENT 7
Types of Chemical Reactions 75 EXPERIMENT 16
Gas Laws 193
EXPERIMENT 8
Identification of Metal Ions and Inorganic EXPERIMENT 17
Compounds by their Chemical Reactions 95 Colligative Properties 209
iii
iv Contents
EXPERIMENT 18 EXPERIMENT 26
Soaps and Detergents 227 Determination of K or K for an Acid
a b
or Base 343
EXPERIMENT 19
Thermal Energy Associated with Physical EXPERIMENT 27
and Chemical Changes 243 pH and Buffer Solutions 359
EXPERIMENT 20 EXPERIMENT 28
Hess’s Law 259 Identifying an Unknown Weak Acid or Weak
Base: A Self-Directed Experiment 377
EXPERIMENT 21
Determination of the Heat of Neutralization EXPERIMENT 29
of a Variety of Strong Acids and Bases: Hydrometallurgy to Analyze a Chromite
A Self-Directed Experiment 279 Sample: A Self-Directed Experiment 379
EXPERIMENT 22 EXPERIMENT 30
Dystan Medical Supply Company – Cold Determination of Iron Content in a Food
Packs and Hot Packs: A Self-Directed Sample: A Self-Directed Experiment 383
Experiment 283
EXPERIMENT 31
EXPERIMENT 23 Quality Control for GlassOff:
Chemical Kinetics 287 A Self-Directed Experiment 387
EXPERIMENT 24 EXPERIMENT 32
Le Chaˆtelier’s Principle 311 What is in this Container:
A Capstone Experiment 391
EXPERIMENT 25
Determination of a Reaction Equilibrium Appendices 395
Constant Using Absorption Spectroscopy 325
Preface
Laboratory Experiments in General Chemistry
Featuring MeasureNet
The second edition of this manual offers several new features: new digital
pictures and illustrations, all concept/technique experiments converted to
a guided inquiry format, the addition of three new self-directed experiments,
and one new Capstone experiment.
Virtually all the artwork and illustrations, in the first edition of the
manual, have been replaced with digital pictures and illustrations in the
second edition of the manual.
Second,allconcept/techniqueorientedexperimentsinthefirstedition
ofthemanualhavebeenconvertedtoaguidedinquiryformat.Thisincludes
guided inquiry experimental procedures and laboratory reports that are
writtenintheguidedinquiryformat.Wehaveinsertednumerous‘‘Whatis
the purpose of, or Why were you instructed to...’’ questions throughout the
experimental procedures to encourage students to think more in depth
about why they are being ask to add certain chemicals or perform a
particular experimental technique. Most of the sample calculations
included in the concept/technique experiments in the first edition of the
manual have been removed, and in there place are text descriptions
describing the approach needed to determine or calculate certain
experimental values. New pre- and post-laboratory questions have been
written for all the concept/technique experiments.
Third, we have included three new self directed experiments in the
second edition of the manual. A self-directed experiment is one in which
students write their own experiment to solve an assigned problem. Every
third or fourth week during the semester, student teams are required to
solveamulti-componentproblemviaaself-directedexperiment.Thismulti-
component problem requires the use of knowledge, skills, and techniques
learned in the previous weeks’ concept/technique experiments. Students
submit a Procedure Proposal two weeks before the self-directed experiment
istobeperformed.TheProcedureProposalismodeledontheworkofThomas
Greenbowe at Iowa State University. Dr. Greenbowe’s research into the
science writing heuristic shows that givingstudents a set ofquestions that
guides them in the design and implementation of their experiment
markedly improves their understanding of the experimental material.
Consequently, the Procedure Proposal asks the student teams to answer
severalfocusingquestionstohelpsolvethemulti-componentproblem.The
procedure proposals are graded, corrected,and returnedto eachteam one
weekbeforetheyperformtheself-directedexperiment.Oncetheself-directed
experiment is completed, the student teams submit a Formal Lab Report
v
vi Preface
detailing the experimental techniques used, all data and observations
collected, and a thorough discussion of the results and conclusions drawn
from the experiment. We have also relied on Dr. Greenbowe’s science
writing heuristic to provide focusing questions and guiding principles for
the Formal Lab Report.
Finally,wehaveinsertedonenewCapstoneexperiment,Experiment32.
This experiment encompasses all techniques, skills, concepts, and principles
learned in a two semester general chemistry laboratory course.
Acknowledgments
A project of this magnitude requires the assistance of numerous people.
We would like to express our deep appreciation and gratitude to the
people that have encouraged and assisted us with the production of this
lab manual.
First, we would like to thank the excellent staff at Brooks/Cole. We
wish to thank our editor Lisa Lockwood. During the development of the
second edition, we were assisted by an outstanding editorial assistant
Stefanie Beeck. We greatly appreciate her assistance. The authors owe a
greatdealofgratitudetoBillCornett,ourBrooks/ColeRepresentative.Bill
wasinstrumentalinmakingBrooks/Coleawareofourinterestininitiating
thisproject.Herealizedthatthisprojectcouldhavenationalappealandhe
convinced Brooks/Cole that our ideas were worthwhile. We are indebted
to his insight and persistence.
We would like to express our deep appreciation to each of the
reviewers of the first edition of this manual for their comments and
suggestions.Wewerefortunatetohaveaconscientious,diligent,andhard
working group of reviewers. The names and affiliations of the reviewers of
the first edition are listed below.
Patricia Amateis - Virginia Tech
Charles Baldwin - Union University
Michael Denniston - Georgia Perimeter College
Michelle Douskey - University of California-Berkely
Roy Garvey - North Dakota State University
Michael Nichols - John Carroll University
Richard Petersen - The University of Memphis
Ruth Ritter - Agnes Scott College
Phillip Squattrito - Central Michigan University
We would like to express our deep appreciation to John Moody for
reviewing the second edition of the manual. His comments and suggestions
were extremely useful and beneficial.
John Moody - The University of Georgia
Our lab manual features the MeasureNet systemthat was developed at
the University of Cincinnati by Estel Sprague and Robert Voorhees.
Subsequently, they have started their own company, MeasureNet Technol-
ogies Incorporated. They have been instrumental in helping us prepare
this manual: developing new devices and probes, giving us ideas for
experiments, allowing us to take part in MeasureNet workshops, financial
supportforthedevelopmentofnewexperiments,andactivelyworkingwith
Brooks/Cole to develop the manual. We would also like to thank Michael
vii
viii Acknowledgments
Kurutz,the MarketingDirector forMeasureNet Technologies,Ltd.Welook
forward to collaborating with MeasureNet for many years to come.
At the University of Georgia, we would like to thank our under-
graduate and graduate students in the General Chemistry program. They
have made numerous suggestions and comments that the authors believe
will improve the learning experience for the thousands of students who
will use this lab manual in the future.
Common Laboratory
Glassware and Equipment
electronic balance buret clamp graduated thermometer
cylinder
beaker Bunsen burner clay triangle
crucible tongs crucible and lid Erlenmeyer flask
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evaporating dish funnel glass rod with rubber policeman o
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