Experimental Methods for Engineers

761 Pages·2011·10.259 MB·English

by  Holman, J P, Holman, Jack.

Experimental Methods for Engineers
Eighth
Edition
Eighth Edition
New to this edition:
M
D
D
A
L
I
M
1
1
5
4
5
4
7
www.mhhe.com/holman 0
7
/1
6
/1
1
C
Y
A
N
M
Holman
A
G
Y
E
L
O
B
L
A
C
K
J.P. Holman
TM
Experimental Methods
for Engineers
E I G H T H E D I T I O N
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 11 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5511 PPMM
McGraw-HillSeriesinMechanicalEngineering
Alciatore IntroductiontoMechatronicsandMeasurementSystems
Anderson FundamentalsofAerodynamics
Anderson IntroductiontoFlight
Anderson ModernCompressibleFlow
Beer/Johnston MechanicsofMaterials
Beer/Johnston VectorMechanicsforEngineers
Budynas AdvancedStrengthandAppliedStressAnalysis
Budynas/Nisbett Shigley’sMechanicalEngineeringDesign
Byers/Dorf/Nelson TechnologyVentures:FromIdeatoEnterprise
Cengel IntroductiontoThermodynamicsandHeatTransfer
Cengel/Boles Thermodynamics:AnEngineeringApproach
Cengel/Cimbala FluidMechanics:FundamentalsandApplications
Cengel/Ghajar HeatandMassTransfer:FundamentalsandApplications
Cengel/Turner/Cimbala FundamentalsofThermal-FluidSciences
Dieter/Schmidt EngineeringDesign
Finnemore/Franzini FluidMechanicswithEngineeringApplications
Heywood InternalCombustionEngineFundamentals
Holman ExperimentalMethodsforEngineers
Holman HeatTransfer
Kays/Crawford/Weigand ConvectiveHeatandMassTransfer
Norton DesignofMachinery
Palm SystemDynamics
Plesha/Grey/Costanzo EngineeringMechanics:StaticsandDynamics
Reddy AnIntroductiontoFiniteElementMethod
Schey IntroductiontoManufacturingProcesses
Smith/Hashemi FoundationsofMaterialsScienceandEngineering
Turns AnIntroductiontoCombustion:ConceptsandApplications
Ullman TheMechanicalDesignProcess
White FluidMechanics
White ViscousFluidFlow
Zeid MasteringCAD/CAM
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 22 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5511 PPMM
Experimental Methods
for Engineers
E I G H T H E D I T I O N
J. P. Holman
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
SouthernMethodistUniversity
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 33 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5511 PPMM
EXPERIMENTALMETHODSFORENGINEERS,EIGHTHEDITION
PublishedbyMcGraw-Hill,abusinessunitofTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.,1221Avenueofthe
Americas,NewYork,NY10020.Copyright©2012byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrights
reserved.Previouseditions©2001,1994,and1989.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedor
distributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withouttheprior
writtenconsentofTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.,including,butnotlimitedto,inanynetworkor
otherelectronicstorageortransmission,orbroadcastfordistancelearning.
Someancillaries,includingelectronicandprintcomponents,maynotbeavailabletocustomersoutside
theUnitedStates.
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
1234567890DOC/DOC10987654321
ISBN978-0-07-352930-1
MHID0-07-352930-3
VicePresident&Editor-in-Chief:MartyLange
VicePresident&DirectorofSpecializedPublishing:JaniceM.Roerig-Blong
Publisher:RaghothamanSrinivasan
ExecutiveEditor:BillStenquist
SeniorMarketingManager:CurtReynolds
DevelopmentalEditor:LorraineBuczek
ProjectManager:ErinMelloy
DesignCoordinator:BrendaA.Rolwes
CoverDesigner:StudioMontage,St.Louis,Missouri
Buyer:SandyLudovissy
MediaProjectManager:BalajiSundararaman
Compositor:S4CarlislePublishingServices
Typeface:10/12TimesNewRoman
Printer:R.R.Donnelley
Allcreditsappearingonpageorattheendofthebookareconsideredtobeanextensionofthe
copyrightpage.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Holman,J.P.(JackPhilip)
Experimentalmethodsforengineers/J.P.Holman.—8thed.
p.cm.—(McGraw-Hillseriesinmechanicalengineering)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-07-352930-1
ISBN-10:0-07-352930-3
1.Engineering—Laboratorymanuals.2.Engineeringinstruments.I.Title.
TA152.H62011
620.0078—dc23
2011015004
www.mhhe.com
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 44 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5511 PPMM
About the Author
J. P. Holman received the Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Oklahoma State
University.AftertwoyearsasaresearchscientistattheWrightAerospaceResearch
Laboratory, he joined the faculty of Southern Methodist University, where he is
presentlyProfessorEmeritusofMechanicalEngineering.Hehasalsoheldadminis-
trativepositionsasDirectoroftheThermalandFluidSciencesCenter,Headofthe
Civil and Mechanical Engineering Department, and Assistant Provost for Instruc-
tional Media. During his tenure at SMU he has been voted the outstanding faculty
memberbythestudentbody13times.
Dr. Holman has published over 30 papers in several areas of heat transfer and
his three widely used textbooks, Heat Transfer (10th edition, 2010), Experimental
MethodsforEngineers(7thedition,2001),andThermodynamics(4thedition,1988),
all published by McGraw-Hill, have been translated into Spanish, Portuguese,
Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Indonesian, and are distributed worldwide. He is
alsotheauthoroftheutilitarianmonographWhatEveryEngineerShouldKnowAbout
EXCEL(2006), published by CRC Press. Dr. Holman also consults for industry in
thefieldsofheattransferandenergysystems.
AmemberofASEE,heispastChairmanoftheNationalMechanicalEngineering
DivisionandpastchairmanoftheASMERegionXMechanicalEngineeringDepart-
ment Heads. Dr. Holman is a Fellow of ASME and recipient of several national
awards:theGeorgeWestinghouseAwardfromASEEfordistinguishedcontributions
to engineering education (1972), the James Harry Potter Gold Medal fromASME
forcontributionstothermodynamics(1986),theWorcesterReedWarnerGoldMedal
fromASMEforoutstandingcontributionstothepermanentliteratureofengineering
(1987),andtheRalphCoatsRoeAwardfromASEEastheoutstandingmechanical
engineeringeducatoroftheyear(1995).In1993hewastherecipientoftheLohmann
Medal from Oklahoma State University, awarded annually to a distinguished
engineeringalumnusofthatinstitution.
v
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 55 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5522 PPMM
Contents
Chapter 1 3.9 ComparisonofDatawithNormal
Introduction 1 Distribution 93
3.10 TheChi-SquareTestofGoodnessofFit 97
Chapter 2 3.11 MethodofLeastSquares 104
Basic Concepts 5
3.12 TheCorrelationCoefficient 108
3.13 MultivariableRegression 110
2.1 Introduction 5
3.14 StandardDeviationoftheMean 112
2.2 DefinitionofTerms 5
3.15 Student’st-Distribution 113
2.3 Calibration 6
3.16 GraphicalAnalysisandCurveFitting 120
2.4 Standards 7
3.17 ChoiceofGraphFormats 121
2.5 DimensionsandUnits 11
3.18 Causation,Correlations,andCurve-fits 137
2.6 TheGeneralizedMeasurementSystem 14
3.19 GeneralConsiderationsin
2.7 BasicConceptsinDynamic
DataAnalysis 142
Measurements 18
3.20 Summary 143
2.8 SystemResponse 31
3.21 ReviewQuestions 144
2.9 Distortion 32
3.22 Problems 144
2.10 ImpedanceMatching 32
3.23 References 163
2.11 FourierAnalysis 35
2.12 ExperimentPlanning 46
Chapter 4
2.13 ReviewQuestions 50 Basic Electrical Measurements
2.14 Problems 52 and Sensing Devices 166
2.15 References 58
4.1 Introduction 166
Chapter 3
4.2 ForcesofElectromagneticOrigin 166
Analysis of Experimental
4.3 WaveformMeasures 170
Data 60
4.4 BasicAnalogMeters 173
4.5 BasicDigitalMeters 179
3.1 Introduction 60
4.6 BasicInputCircuits 180
3.2 CausesandTypesofExperimental
4.7 Amplifiers 194
Errors 61
3.3 ErrorAnalysisonaCommonsenseBasis 62 4.8 DifferentialAmplifiers 198
3.4 UncertaintyAnalysisandPropagationof 4.9 OperationalAmplifiers 198
Uncertainty 63 4.10 Transformers 203
3.5 Evaluation of Uncertainties for Complicated 4.11 PowerSupplies 204
DataReduction 72 4.12 SignalConditioning 205
3.6 StatisticalAnalysisofExperimental 4.13 TheElectronicVoltmeter 217
Data 74 4.14 DigitalVoltmeters 218
3.7 ProbabilityDistributions 79 4.15 TheOscilloscope 220
3.8 TheGaussianorNormalError 4.16 OscilloscopeSelection 223
Distribution 83 4.17 OutputRecorders 226
vi
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 66 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5522 PPMM
Contents vii
4.18 Counters—TimeandFrequency 6.3 MechanicalPressure-Measurement
Measurements 226 Devices 283
4.19 Transducers 227 6.4 Dead-WeightTester 288
4.20 TheVariable-ResistanceTransducer 227 6.5 Bourdon-TubePressureGage 290
4.21 TheDifferentialTransformer(LVDT) 230 6.6 DiaphragmandBellowsGages 291
4.22 CapacitiveTransducers 232 6.7 TheBridgmanGage 295
4.23 PiezoelectricTransducers 234 6.8 Low-PressureMeasurement 296
4.24 PhotoelectricEffects 236 6.9 TheMcLeodGage 296
4.25 PhotoconductiveTransducers 236 6.10 PiraniThermal-Conductivity
4.26 PhotovoltaicCells 239 Gage 298
4.27 IonizationTransducers 240 6.11 TheKnudsenGage 299
4.28 MagnetometerSearchCoil 241 6.12 TheIonizationGage 300
6.13 TheAlphatron 301
4.29 Hall-EffectTransducers 242
6.14 Summary 302
4.30 DigitalDisplacementTransducers 244
6.15 ReviewQuestions 303
4.31 ComparisonofAnalogandDigital
Instruments 245 6.16 Problems 303
6.17 References 310
4.32 Summary 245
4.33 ReviewQuestions 246
Chapter 7
4.34 Problems 247 Flow Measurement 312
4.35 References 254
7.1 Introduction 312
Chapter 5
7.2 Positive-DisplacementMethods 313
Displacement andArea
7.3 Flow-ObstructionMethods 316
Measurements 256
7.4 PracticalConsiderationsfor
ObstructionMeters 320
5.1 Introduction 256
7.5 TheSonicNozzle 329
5.2 DimensionalMeasurements 256
7.6 FlowMeasurementbyDrag
5.3 GageBlocks 258
Effects 331
5.4 OpticalMethods 259
7.7 Hot-WireandHot-FilmAnemometers 340
5.5 PneumaticDisplacementGage 262
7.8 MagneticFlowmeters 344
5.6 AreaMeasurements 264
7.9 Flow-VisualizationMethods 345
5.7 ThePlanimeter,aDeviceofHistorical
7.10 TheShadowgraph 347
Interest 265
7.11 TheSchlieren 348
5.8 Graphical and Numerical Methods for Area
7.12 TheInterferometer 351
Measurement 266
7.13 TheLaserDopplerAnemometer
5.9 SurfaceAreas 271
(LDA) 353
5.10 Problems 272
7.14 SmokeMethods 356
5.11 References 276
7.15 PressureProbes 356
7.16 ImpactPressureinSupersonicFlow 365
Chapter 6
Pressure Measurement 278 7.17 Summary 366
7.18 ReviewQuestions 367
6.1 Introduction 278 7.19 Problems 369
6.2 DynamicResponseConsiderations 281 7.20 References 377
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 77 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5522 PPMM
viii Contents
Chapter 8 Chapter 10
The Measurement of Force,Torque, and Strain
Temperature 381 Measurements 491
8.1 Introduction 381 10.1 Introduction 491
8.2 TemperatureScales 381 10.2 MassBalanceMeasurements 492
8.3 TheIdeal-GasThermometer 382 10.3 ElasticElementsforForce
8.4 TemperatureMeasurementbyMechanical Measurements 496
Effects 384 10.4 TorqueMeasurements 499
8.5 TemperatureMeasurementbyElectrical
10.5 StressandStrain 503
Effects 388
10.6 StrainMeasurements 505
8.6 TemperatureMeasurementby
10.7 Electrical-ResistanceStrainGages 505
Radiation 409
10.8 MeasurementofResistanceStrain-Gage
8.7 EffectofHeatTransferonTemperature
Outputs 509
Measurement 416
10.9 TemperatureCompensation 510
8.8 TransientResponseofThermal
10.10 Strain-GageRosettes 512
Systems 425
10.11 TheUnbondedResistanceStrain
8.9 ThermocoupleCompensation 427
Gage 515
8.10 TemperatureMeasurementsinHigh-Speed
10.12 ReviewQuestions 516
Flow 430
8.11 Summary 434 10.13 Problems 516
8.12 ReviewQuestions 434 10.14 References 521
8.13 Problems 435
Chapter 11
8.14 References 444
Motion andVibration
Measurement 523
Chapter 9
Thermal- and
Transport-Property 11.1 Introduction 523
Measurements 447 11.2 TwoSimpleVibrationInstruments 523
11.3 PrinciplesoftheSeismicInstrument 525
9.1 Introduction 447 11.4 PracticalConsiderationsforSeismic
9.2 Thermal-ConductivityMeasurements 448 Instruments 532
9.3 ThermalConductivityofLiquids 11.5 SoundMeasurements 535
andGases 452 11.6 ReviewQuestions 548
9.4 MeasurementofViscosity 454 11.7 Problems 549
9.5 GasDiffusion 461 11.8 References 554
9.6 Calorimetry 465
9.7 ConvectionHeat-Transfer Chapter 12
Measurements 470 Thermal- and
9.8 HumidityMeasurements 473 Nuclear-Radiation
9.9 Heat-FluxMeters 478 Measurements 556
9.10 pHMeasurement 481
9.11 ReviewQuestions 482 12.1 Introduction 556
9.12 Problems 483 12.2 DetectionofThermalRadiation 556
9.13 References 489 12.3 MeasurementofEmissivity 562
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 88 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5522 PPMM
Contents ix
12.4 ReflectivityandTransmissivity 14.7 TheProgramasaSubstitute
Measurements 565 forWiredLogic 630
12.5 SolarRadiationMeasurements 566 14.8 Summary 633
12.6 NuclearRadiation 568 14.9 Glossary 633
12.7 DetectionofNuclearRadiation 569 14.10 ReviewQuestions 635
12.8 TheGeiger-Mu¨llerCounter 569 14.11 Problems 635
12.9 IonizationChambers 570 14.12 References 637
12.10 PhotographicDetectionMethods 571
Chapter 15
12.11 TheScintillationCounter 572
ReportWriting
12.12 NeutronDetection 572
and Presentations 638
12.13 StatisticsofCounting 573
12.14 RadiationEffectsinHumans 577
15.1 Introduction 638
12.15 ReviewQuestions 579
15.2 SomeGeneralComments 638
12.16 Problems 579
15.3 TypesofReports 641
12.17 References 582
15.4 ContentsofaReport 643
15.5 GraphicalPresentations 651
Chapter 13
15.6 MiscellaneousHelpfulHints 662
Air-Pollution Sampling
15.7 WordProcessorsandComputers 663
and Measurement 585
15.8 ProcessingofReports 664
15.9 OralPresentations 666
13.1 Introduction 585
15.10 PlanningSessionsandConferences 667
13.2 UnitsforPollutionMeasurement 585
15.11 ReviewQuestions 668
13.3 Air-PollutionStandards 586
15.12 References 670
13.4 GeneralAir-SamplingTrain 589
13.5 GasSamplingTechniques 590
Chapter 16
13.6 ParticulateSamplingTechniques 591 Design of Experiments 671
13.7 SulfurDioxideMeasurements 599
13.8 CombustionProductsMeasurements 602 16.1 Introduction 671
13.9 OpacityMeasurements 606 16.2 TypesofExperiments 671
13.10 OdorMeasurement 607 16.3 ExperimentDesignFactors 675
13.11 ReviewQuestions 608 16.4 ExperimentDesignProtocol
13.12 Problems 609 andExamples 675
13.13 References 611 16.5 Summary 710
16.6 Problems 711
Chapter 14 16.7 References 712
DataAcquisition
and Processing 612 AppendixA–Conversion Factors
and Material Properties 713
14.1 Introduction 612
14.2 TheGeneralDataAcquisitionSystem 612
14.3 SignalConditioningRevisited 615 Appendix B–Digital Imaging
14.4 DataTransmission 618 Systems 723
14.5 Analog-to-DigitalandDigital-to-Analog
Conversion 621
Index 731
14.6 DataStorageandDisplay 629
hhooll2299330033__FFMM__ii--xxxx..ppddff 99 88//1122//22001111 33::2255::5522 PPMM