Experimental Embryology in Aquatic Plants and Animals

401 Pages·1990·11.34 MB·English

by  Sigrid Berger (auth.)

Experimental Embryology in
Aquatic Plants and Animals
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
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A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
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and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston, and London
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Volume 195-Experimental Embryology in Aquatic Plants and Animals
edited by Hans-JOrg Marthy
Series A: Life Sciences
Experimental Embryology in
Aquatic Plants and Animals
Edited by
Hans-Jurg Marthy
Observatoire Oceanologique de Banyuls
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie
Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Experimental Embryology in Aquatic Plant and Animal Organisms,
held September 11-23, 1989,
in Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
The logo of the ASI shows the result of intracellular microinjections of
fluoresceinisothiocyanate-Dextran (MW 9000) into cells of an early squid
blastoderm. Whereas cells during interphase are dye-coupled into small
groups, cells in a mitotic state become uncoupled (plasmatic bridges
closed). For more details consult reference 4 of chapter 10. Logo created
by M.-J. Bodiou, Banyuls-sur-Mer.
Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-In-Publlcatlon Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute on Experimental Embryology in Aquatic
Plant and Animal Organisms (1989 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France)
Experimental e.bryology in aquatic plants and animals / edlted by
Hans-Jurg Marthy.
p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series A, Life sciences ; voi.
195)
"Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Institute on Experimental
Embryology in Aquatic Plant and Animal Organisms, held Septe.ber
11-23, 1989, in Banyu ls-sur-Mer, France. "--CIP t. p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and Index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-8709-3 ISBN 978-1-4615-3830-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/1978-1-4615-3830-1
1. Embryology, Experimental--Congresses. 2. Aquatic animals
-Congresses. 3. Aquatic plants--Embryology--Congresses.
1. Mar·thy, H.-J. II. Title. III. Serles: NATO ASI series. Series
A, Life science v. 195.
OL961.N37 1989
574.92--dc20 90-43958
CIP
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press in 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990
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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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PREFACE
The NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Experimental
Embryology in Aquatic Plant and Animal Organisms" was attended
by more than 70 participants, including 15 invited main
lecturers from 18 different countries. In accordance with the
main purpose of the meeting, senior scientists, postdoctoral
investigators and graduate students working in areas of
descriptive and experimental embryology, classical, molecular
and developmental biology, physiology and biochemistry etc.,
were brought together for two weeks as a community with a
strong common interest in "development"; that is, the multiple
phenomena and mechanisms, in molecular, cellular, genetic and
organismic terms, observed in the development of aquatic
organisms. Initial concern that the great variety of biological
models as well as of research subjects would harm the
scientific quality and coherency of the course was unnecessary.
It was exactly this breadth which made the Institute worthwhile
for each of the participants. Since many of the "students" were
younger scientists starting a career, it was the main goal of
the course to offer a concise overview of selected system
models of primarily aquatic organisms and to present and
discuss research carried out in the past and in progress.
Thus, each main speaker gave two in-depth lectures: one in
which he presented an overview of "his" model and another
dealing with current investigations. As to their contributions
for this book, it was at each individual author's discretion to
present his/her knowledge in the form of one manuscript or, as
had been done orally, in two distinct chapters. In addition, a
few participants were also invited to write short manuscripts.
The models that were presented span the range from the
unicellular algae to complex vertebrate embryos. Each model has
its own properties and specific value which makes it suitable
for a particular type of research. For example, whereas algae
or coelenterates are highly suitable for studies on cell
polarity determination, ooplasmic segregation, nucleo-cyto
plasmic interactions or pattern formation phenomena, control
mechanisms on oocyte maturation and fertilization events are
classically best analyzed in echinoderms and ascidians.
Planarians proved uniquely suitable for regeneration studies
and molluscs give essential insight into compartmentalization
processes in embryonic tissues. Representatives of annelids are
of great interest for basic neurobiological research, and fish
embryos are worthy of note for the study of cell migration in
vivo, etc. In particular, this book contains chapters on
research done on the following model systems:
v
Uni- and pluricellular algae by S. Berger and R. Quatrano;
Coelenterates (hydroids and ctenophores) by G. Plickert and Ch.
Sardet; Turbellaria (planarians) and nematodes (Caenorhabiditis
elegans, living on a water film) by J. Baguna and E.
Schierenberg; Molluscs by J. Van den Biggelaar and H. -J.
Marthy; Annelids (leeches and polychaetes) by S. Blackshaw and
A. Dorresteijn; Echinoderms (starfish and urchins) by L. Meijer
and R. Burke; Chordates (tunicates) by B. Dale and W. Jeffery;
Vertebrates (teleost fishes) by J.P. Trinkaus and R. Fleig. It
is also interesting to remember the historical and conceptual
framework in which "causal embryology" is anchored (J .L.
Fischer). For their high general scientific and stimulating
value, the book contains finally chapters on research work done
on avian eggs (G. Eichele:morphogens; P. Kucera: physiological
approaches to embryogenesis; embryos' sensitivity against
environmental factors). They should provide a "challenge" for
encouraging similar research on and/or methodological
approaches to eggs and embryos of aquatic organisms.
Twenty years have passed since Reverberi' s book on
"Experimental Embryology of Marine and Fresh-water
Invertebrates" was published and became a standard reference
book for developmental biology. It is the intention of the
editor and the authors of this book that the information
contained herein should not only update some of the research
reported there, but by introducing new original aspects, prove
to be invaluable as a contemporary reference work for research
scientists, teachers and students alike.
I take the opportunity to thank the NATO Scientific
Affairs Committee for having supported this ASI and, in
particular, the Director of the ASI Programme Dr. L.V. da
Cunha. I also want to thank the lecturers of the course and all
the "students" for their great efforts in making it a real
success. Thanks belong also to the Director of the Laboratoire
Arago, ~rofessor A. Guille, for hospitality. Important
organizational and administrative work has been done by Mrs. N.
Clara and Mr. C. Febvre. The diligent work of Mrs. U. Marthy
Stampfli, who prepared the manuscript in camera-ready form is
greatly acknowledged.
Hans-Jlirg Marthy
vi
CONTENTS
SECTION I
SELECTED AQUATIC PLANT ORGANISMS
Dasycladaceae: A Family of Giant Unicellular Algae
Ideal for Research..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
S. Berger
Acetabularia: A Giant Unicellular Organism for
Studying Polarity...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
S. Berger and W.L. Dillard
Model Algal System to Study Plant Development.. ...... ... 41
R.S. Quatrano
SECTION II
SELECTED AQUATIC ANIMAL ORGANISMS
Experimental Analysis of Developmental Processes
in Marine Hydroids................................ 59
G. Plickert
Reproduction and Development in Ctenophores...... .... ... 83
Ch. Sardet, D. Carre and Ch. Rouviere
Descriptive and Experimental Embryology of the
Turbellaria: Present Knowledge, Open
Questions and Future Trends.. ...... ...... ...... ... 95
J. Baguna and B.C. Boyer
Growth, Degrowth and Regeneration as Developmental
Phenomena in Adult Freshwater Planarians. . .... .... 129
J. Baguna, R. Romero, E. Salo, J. Collet,
C. Auladell, M. Ribas, M. Riutort, J. Garcia
Fernandez, F. Burgaya and D. Bueno
Genealogy, Geometry and Genes: Experimental
Embryology of Caenorhabditis elegans.............. 163
E. Schierenberg
Gap Junctional Communication and Cell Cycle
Duration in the Early Molluscan Embryo.. .......... 177
J.A.M. Van den Biggelaar and F. Serras
vii
In vitro Preparation of the Early Squid Blastoderm... ... 193
H.-J. Marthy, L. Santella and B. Dale
On the Establishment of Polarity in Polychaete Eggs.. ... 197
A.W.C. Dorresteijn and B. Kluge
Experimental Embryology in Leeches: Cellular and
Molecular Approaches... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
S. Blackshaw
Practical Approaches to the Study of Nervous System
Development in Hirudinid Leeches... ........... .... 233
S. Blackshaw
Starfish Oocytes and Sea Urchin Eggs as Models to
Study the Intracellular Mechanisms Controlling
the Cell Division Cycle...... ................. .... 243
L. Meijer
Morphogenesis in the Sea Urchin Embryo: Mechanism
of Gastrulation................................... 257
R.D. Burke
Fertilization in Aquatic Animals... ...... ...... ...... ... 273
B. Dale
Patterns of Gene Expression during Ascidian
Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
W.R. Jeffery, R.L. Beach, F.E. Harrington,
B.J. Swalla and M.E. White
Some Contributions of Research on Early Teleost
Embryogenesis to General Problems of
Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
J.P. Trinkaus
Gastrulation in the Zebrafish Brachydanio rerio
(Teleostei) as seen in the Scanning Electron
Microscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
R. Fleig
SECTION III
HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS
OF "CAUSAL EMBRYOLOGY"
L'Epigenese et la Preformation a l'Epoque de
1 'Embryologie Causale............................. 341
J.L. Fischer
SECTION IV
CONTRIBUTIONS OF GENERAL VALUE
TO EMBRYOLOGICAL RESEARCH
The Role of Retinoic Acid in Vertebrate Limb
Morphogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
G. Eichele and Ch. Thaller
viii
Physiological Approach to the Early Embryogenesis. ... ... 377
P. Kucera
Environmental Pollution and Embryonic Development:
Relevance of Standardized Toxicological Tests.. ... 389
P. Kucera and E. Raddatz
Participants Photo...... ..... .................. ...... ... 395
Author Index............................................ 397
Subject Index........................................... 399
ix
SECTION I
SELECTED AQUATIC PLANT ORGANISMS