Experiencing the World’s Religions: Tradition, Chalenge, and Change PDF
Preview Experiencing the World’s Religions: Tradition, Chalenge, and Change
Experiencing the World’s Religions Experiencing the World’s Religions MICHAEL MOLLOY Fifth Edition www.mhhe.com ISBN 978-0-07-340750-0 MHID 0-07-340750-X 9 7 8 0 0 7 3 4 0 7 5 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 EAN MD DALIM #1047456 09/17/09 CYAN MAG YELO BLK Experiencing the World’s Religions moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page i 9/23/09 2:07:22 PM user-s180 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page i 9/23/09 2:07:22 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page ii 9/23/09 2:07:39 PM user-s180 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page ii 9/23/09 2:07:39 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm Experiencing the World’s Religions Tradition, Challenge, and Change Fifth Edition MICHAEL MOLLOY T. L. Hilgers , principal photographer TM moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page iii 9/23/09 2:07:39 PM user-s180 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page iii 9/23/09 2:07:39 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010 , 2008 , 2005 , 2002 , 1999 by Michael Vincent Molloy. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9 ISBN: 978-0-07-340750-0 MHID: 0-07-340750-X TM Editor in Chief: Michael Ryan Editorial Director: Beth Mejia Senior Sponsoring Editor: Mark Georgiev Executive Marketing Manager: Pamela Cooper Director of Development: Nancy Crochiere Developmental Editors: Laura Wilk, Adam Beroud Editorial Coordinator: Amy Flauaus Production Editor: Catherine Morris Manuscript Editor: Andrea McCarrick Design Manager: Cassandra Chu Text Designer: Maureen McCutcheon Cover Designer: Cassandra Chu Art Manager: Robin Mouat Manager, Photo Research: Brian J. Pecko Senior Production Supervisor: Louis Swaim Composition: 9.5/12 Palatino by Aptara ®, Inc. Printing: 45# Pub Matte Plus, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Cover: © Ted Mead/Getty Images/Photodisc Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Molloy, Michael, 1942- Experiencing the world’s religions / Michael Molloy.—5th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-07-340750-0 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-07-340750-X (alk. paper) 1. Religions—Textbooks. I. Title. BL80.3.M65 2010 200—dc22 2009034039 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. www.mhhe.com moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page iv 9/30/09 8:48:03 PM user-s198 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page iv 9/30/09 8:48:03 PM user-s198 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm In memory of Sandra Minn, caring wife, mother, teacher; kind and gentle neighbor. moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page v 9/23/09 3:40:06 PM user-s198 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page v 9/23/09 3:40:06 PM user-s198 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page vi 9/23/09 2:07:44 PM user-s180 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page vi 9/23/09 2:07:44 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm vii Preface xxii 1 Understanding Religion 2 First Encounter 3 What Is Religion? 4 Key Characteristics of Religion 5 The Sacred 7 Religious Symbolism 8 Speculations on the Sources of Religions 9 Patterns among Religions 13 First Pattern: Focus of Beliefs and Practices 13 Second Pattern: Views of the World and Life 14 Third Pattern: Views of Male and Female 17 Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Religion 19 Key Critical Issues 21 Why Study the Major Religions of the World? 26 The Journey 28 Reading: Jung’s Dream of the Light Within 30 Contents moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page vii 9/23/09 3:48:24 PM user-s198 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page vii 9/23/09 3:48:24 PM user-s198 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm viii CONTENTS 2 Indigenous Religions 34 First Encounter 35 Discovering Indigenous Religions 37 Past Obstacles to the Appreciation of Indigenous Religions 38 The Modern Recovery of Indigenous Religions 39 Studying Indigenous Religions: Learning from Patterns 41 Human Relationships with the Natural World 41 Sacred Time and Sacred Space 43 Respect for Origins, Gods, and Ancestors 44 Sacred Practices in Indigenous Religions 48 Life-Cycle Ceremonies 49 Taboo and Sacrifi ce 52 Shamanism, Trance, and Spiritual Powers 57 Artifacts and Artistic Expression in Indigenous Religions 61 Personal Experience: Gods in Hawai`i 63 Indigenous Religions Today 65 Reading: Black Elk’s Vision 70 3 Hinduism 74 First Encounter 75 The Origins of Hinduism 77 The Earliest Stage of Indian Religion 78 The Religion of the Vedic Period 80 The Vedas 81 The Upanishads and the Axis Age 82 The Origin of the Upanishads 83 Important Concepts of the Upanishads 84 Living Spiritually in the Everyday World 88 The Bhagavad Gita 89 The Caste System 90 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page viii 9/23/09 2:07:45 PM user-s180 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page viii 9/23/09 2:07:45 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm The Stages of Life 91 The Goals of Life 92 The Yogas 92 Devotional Hinduism 95 The Trimurti: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva 96 Worship of the Divine Feminine: Devi 101 The Guru as Object of Devotion 103 Devotion to Animals 105 Other Forms of Religious Devotion 105 Personal Experience: A Cremation in Bali 106 Hinduism and the Arts 109 Hinduism: Modern Challenges 110 Mohandas Gandhi 112 Contemporary Issues 114 Hindu Infl uence beyond India 116 Reading: Krishna’s Advice to Arjuna 120 4 Buddhism 124 First Encounter 125 The Beginnings of Buddhism: The Life of the Buddha 126 The Basic Teachings of Buddhism 131 The Three Marks of Reality 132 The Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path 134 The Infl uence of Indian Thought on Early Buddhist Teachings 137 Ahimsa: “Do No Harm” 137 The Soul and Karma 138 Nirvana 138 The Early Development of Buddhism 139 Theravada Buddhism: The Way of the Elders 142 Theravada Teachings and Literature 147 Theravada Art and Architecture 147 CONTENTS ix moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page ix 10/14/09 4:42:54 PM user-s198 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page ix 10/14/09 4:42:54 PM user-s198 /Volumes/MHSF-New-4/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New-4/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm x CONTENTS Mahayana Buddhism: The “Big Vehicle” 149 New Ideals: Compassion and the Bodhisattva 149 Mahayana Thought and Worldview 151 Mahayana Literature 155 The Spread of Mahayana in East Asia 156 Some Major Schools of Mahayana 160 Vajrayana Buddhism: The “Diamond Vehicle” 170 Origins, Practice, and Literature of Tibetan Buddhism 170 Ritual and the Arts 173 Personal Experience: The Monks and the Pond 175 Buddhism and the Modern World 178 Reading: The Dhammapada: “We Are What We Think” 183 5 Jainism and Sikhism 188 First Encounter 189 Shared Origins 190 Jainism 191 Background 191 Mahavira and the Origins of Jainism 192 Worldview 194 Jain Ethics 195 The Development of Jainism and Its Branches 198 Digambaras 198 Shvetambaras 198 Sthanakavasis 199 Terapanthis 199 Jain Practices 199 Jain Scriptures 200 Jain Art and Architecture 200 Sikhism 201 Background 201 Nanak and the Origins of Sikhism 202 The Worldview and Teachings of Nanak 203 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page x 10/14/09 3:31:45 PM user-s198 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page x 10/14/09 3:31:45 PM user-s198 /Volumes/MHSF-New-4/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New-4/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm CONTENTS xi The Development of Sikhism 204 Sikh Scriptures 206 Sikhism and the Modern World 207 Personal Experience: A Visit to the Golden Temple 208 Reading: The Adi Granth on Women 209 6 Daoism and Confucianism 212 First Encounter 213 Basic Elements of Traditional Chinese Beliefs 215 Daoism 218 The Origins of Daoism 218 Laozi (Lao Tzu) 218 The Daodejing 220 Zhuangzi (Chuang Tzu) 223 Basic Early Teachings 224 Daoism and the Quest for Longevity 226 The Development of Daoism 227 Daoism and the Arts 230 Daoism and the Modern World 234 Confucianism 234 The Dao in Confucianism 235 The Life of Confucius 235 Living According to Confucian Values 236 The Five Great Relationships 238 The Confucian Virtues 241 Confucian Literature 244 The Development of Confucianism 246 Schools of Philosophy 246 The Development of Confucianism as a Religious System 248 Confucianism and the Arts 251 Personal Experience: Qing Ming, a Ceremony in Spring 252 Confucianism and the Modern World 255 Reading: Sayings of Confucius, from the Analects 258 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page xi 9/23/09 2:07:49 PM user-s180 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page xi 9/23/09 2:07:49 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm 7 Shinto 262 First Encounter 263 The Origins of Shinto 264 The Historical Development of Shinto 267 Accommodation with Buddhism and Confucianism 268 Shinto and Japanese National Identity 268 Essentials of Shinto Belief 270 Shinto Religious Practice 272 Worship at Shrines 273 Celebration of the New Year 275 Observances of the Seasons and Nature 275 Other Practices 277 Personal Experience: A Temple High above Kyoto 277 Shinto and the Arts 279 Architecture 279 Music and Dance 281 Shinto Offshoots: The New Religions 281 Shinto and the Modern World 283 Reading: The Kojiki 285 8 Judaism 288 First Encounter 289 An Overview of Jewish History 290 The Hebrew Bible 292 Biblical History 295 In the Beginning: Stories of Origins 296 The World of the Patriarchs and Matriarchs 299 Moses and the Law 301 The Judges and Kings 306 Exile and Captivity 308 Return to Jerusalem and the Second Temple 310 xii CONTENTS moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page xii 9/23/09 2:07:49 PM user-s180 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page xii 9/23/09 2:07:49 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm CONTENTS xiii Cultural Confl ict during the Second Temple Era 311 The Seleucid Period 311 Responses to Outside Infl uences 312 The Development of Rabbinical Judaism 314 The Canon of Scripture and the Talmud 314 Islam and Medieval Judaism 315 The Kabbalah 316 Christianity and Medieval Judaism 316 Questioning and Reform 318 Judaism and the Modern World 319 Hitler and the Holocaust 320 Creation of the State of Israel 321 Personal Experience: A Visit to the Anne Frank House 322 Jewish Belief 322 Religious Practice 323 The Jewish Sabbath 323 Holy Days 325 Jewish Dietary Practices 329 Other Religious Practices 329 Divisions within Contemporary Judaism 330 Culturally Based Divisions 331 Observance-Based Divisions 332 Jewish Identity and the Future of Judaism 336 Reading: Blessing the Sabbath Candles 337 9 Christianity 342 First Encounter 343 The Life and Teachings of Jesus 345 Jesus in the New Testament Gospels 349 The Two Great Commandments 352 Early Christian Beliefs and History 352 Paul and Pauline Christianity 353 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page xiii 9/23/09 2:07:50 PM user-s180 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page xiii 9/23/09 2:07:50 PM user-s180 /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm /Volumes/MHSF-New/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm xiv CONTENTS The New Testament: Its Structure and Artistry 356 The Christian Canon 362 The Early Spread of Christianity 363 Infl uences on Christianity at the End of the Roman Empire 369 Augustine 369 Benedict and the Monastic Ideal 370 The Eastern Orthodox Church 372 Early Development 372 Monasticism in the Eastern Church 373 Eastern Orthodox Beliefs 374 Personal Experience: Inside the Monasteries on Mount Athos 377 Christianity in the Middle Ages 379 Christian Mysticism 380 The Crusades, the Inquisition, and the Founding of Religious Orders 381 The Late Middle Ages 383 The Protestant Reformation 383 Martin Luther 384 Forms of Protestantism 386 The Development of Christianity Following the Protestant Reformation 390 The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) 390 The International Spread of Christianity 392 Nontraditional Christianity 394 Christian Practice 398 Sacraments and Other Rituals 399 The Christian Year 400 Devotion to Mary 404 Christianity and the Arts 406 Architecture 406 Art 408 Music 410 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page xiv 10/14/09 3:31:54 PM user-s198 moL0750X_fm_i-xxix.indd Page xiv 10/14/09 3:31:54 PM user-s198 /Volumes/MHSF-New-4/MHSF152/MHSF152-fm 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