Experience Psychology

1186 Pages·2018·16.715 MB·English

by  Laura A. King

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PSYCHOLOGY
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LAURA A. KING
E x p e r i e n c e
PSYCHOLOGY
Fourth Edition
Laura A. King
University of Missouri, Columbia
EXPERIENCE PSYCHOLOGY, FOURTH EDITION
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ISBN 978-1-260-39710-9 (bound edition)
MHID 1-260-39710-6 (bound edition)
ISBN 978-1-259-91103-3 (loose-leaf edition)
MHID 1-259-91103-9 (loose-leaf edition)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: King, Laura A. (Laura Ann), author.
Title: Experience psychology/Laura A. King, University of Missouri, Columbia.
Description: Fourth edition.|New York, NY : McGraw-Hill Education, [2019]
Identifiers: LCCN 2018013909|ISBN 9781260397109 (alk. paper)|ISBN 1260397106 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Psychology.
Classification: LCC BF121 .K536 2019|DDC 150--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.
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mheducation.com/highered
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Courtesy Lisa Jensen
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Laura A. King
Laura King did her undergraduate work at Kenyon College, where she began studying toward an
English major. In the second semester of her junior year, she declared a second major in psychology. u
She completed her A.B. in English with high honors and distinction and in psychology with distinction
in 1986. Laura then did graduate work at Michigan State University and the University of California,
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Davis, receiving her Ph.D. in personality psychology in 1991.
Laura began her career at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, moving to the University of
Missouri in 2001, where she is now a Curators’ Distinguished Professor of Psychology. In addition
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to seminars in the development of character, social psychology, and personality psychology, she has
taught undergraduate lecture courses in introductory psychology, introduction to personality psy- h
chology, and social psychology. She has also taught the Psychology of the Good Life for the com-
munity at large. At SMU, she received six different teaching awards, including the “M” award for
“sustained excellence” in 1999. At the University of Missouri, she received the Chancellor’s Award e
for Outstanding Research and Creative Activity in 2004.
Her research, which has been funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and the National
Science Foundation, has focused on a variety of topics relevant to the question of what it is that
makes for a good life. She has studied goals, life stories, happiness, well-being, and meaning in life.
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In general, her work reflects an enduring interest in understanding what is good and healthy in
people. In 2001, her research accomplishments were recognized with a Templeton Prize in Positive
Psychology. In 2011, she received the Ed and Carol Diener Award for Distinguished Contributionus
to Personality Psychology. Laura’s research (often in collaboration with undergraduate and graduate
students) has appeared in many outstanding publications, including American Psychologist, Journal of
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Personality and Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, and Psychological Science.
Laura has served as editor of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Personality anhd
Individual Differences and the Journal of Research in Personality. She has also served as associate editor
of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, and Social
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and Personality Psychology Compass, as well as on numerous grant panels. She has edited or coedited
special sections of the Journal of Personality and American Psychologist. In 2015, she received the award
for outstanding service to the field from the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.
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In “real life,” Laura is an accomplished cook and enjoys listening to music (mostly jazz vocalists and
singer-songwriters), running with her faithful dog Bill, and doing math homework with her son, Sam.
For Sam
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CHAPTER 1 The Science of Psychology 1 f
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CHAPTER 2 The Brain and Behavior 41
CHAPTER 3 Sensation and Perception 83 o
CHAPTER 4 States of Consciousness 124
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CHAPTER 5 Learning 164
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CHAPTER 6 Memory 200 e
CHAPTER 7 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language 240
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CHAPTER 8 Human Development 278
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CHAPTER 9 Motivation and Emotion 325
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CHAPTER 10 Personality 363
CHAPTER 11 Social Psychology 400
CHAPTER 12 Psychological Disorders 439
CHAPTER 13 Therapies 489
CHAPTER 14 Health Psychology 518
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Name Index NI-1
Subject Index SI-1
McGraw-Hill Education Psychology APA
Documentation Style Guide
contents
PREFACE xii
2
1
The Science of The Brain and Behavior 41
Psychology 1
1 The Nervous System 42
1 Defining Psychology and Exploring Its Roots 2 Characteristics of the Nervous System 42
The Psychological Frame of Mind 3
Pathways in the Nervous System 43
Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior 4
Divisions of the Nervous System 44
Psychology in Historical Perspective 6
2 Neurons 46
2 Contemporary Approaches to Psychology 8 Specialized Cell Structure 46
The Biological Approach 9
The Neural Impulse 47
The Behavioral Approach 9
Synapses and Neurotransmitters 49
The Psychodynamic Approach 9
Neural Networks 54
The Humanistic Approach 10
3 Structures of the Brain
The Cognitive Approach 10
and Their Functions 54
The Evolutionary Approach 10
How Researchers Study the Brain and
The Sociocultural Approach 11
Nervous System 55
Summing up the Seven Contemporary Approaches 11
How the Brain Is Organized 57
3 Psychology’s Scientific Method 13 INTERSECTION: Neuroscience and Environmental
4 Types of Psychological Research 17 Psychology: How Does Spending Time in Nature
Descriptive Research 17 Affect the Brain? 58
Correlational Research 20 The Cerebral Cortex 63
Experimental Research 23 The Cerebral Hemispheres
INTERSECTION: Personality, Developmental, and Cross-Cultural and Split-Brain Research 66
Psychology: Why Do We Grow Up, Psychologically? 24 Integration of Function in the Brain 69
Applications of the Three Types of Research 28 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Could Neuroscience Help
Identify the Right Brain for the Job? 70
5 Research Samples and Settings 29
The Research Sample 29 4 The Endocrine System 70
The Research Setting 30
5 Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair 72
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Global Science of The Brain’s Plasticity and
Happiness 31
Capacity for Repair 72
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are We Truly “Ourselves” Brain Tissue Implants 73
Online and Does It Matter? 33
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Protecting
6 Conducting Ethical Research 34 the Athlete’s Brain 74
Ethics Guidelines 34
6 Genetics and Behavior 75
The Ethics of Research with Animals 35
Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA 75
The Place of Values in Psychological Research 36
The Study of Genetics 76
7 Learning About Psychology Means Learning About You 37 Genes and the Environment 79
Encountering Psychology in Everyday Life 37
SUMMARY 81
Appreciating Psychology as the Science of You 38
KEY TERMS 82
SUMMARY 40 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 82
KEY TERMS 40
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 40
vi // Contents
3 INTERSECTION: Sleep and Neuroscience: Does Sleep
Deprivation Affect Neurons? 138
Sensation and Sleep and Disease 139
Sleep Disorders 140
Perception 83 Dreams 142
3 Psychoactive Drugs 144
Uses of Psychoactive Drugs 144
Types of Psychoactive Drugs 146
1 How We Sense and Perceive the World 84
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Responding to the
The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception 84
Opioid Crisis 151
Sensory Receptors and the Brain 86
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Does a Cell Phone 4 Hypnosis 156
Look Like a Gun? 87 The Nature of Hypnosis 156
Thresholds 90 Explaining Hypnosis 157
Perceiving Sensory Stimuli 92 Uses of Hypnosis 158
Sensory Adaptation 95
5 Meditation 159
2 The Visual System 95 Mindfulness Meditation 159
The Visual Stimulus and the Eye 96 Lovingkindness Meditation 160
Visual Processing in the Brain 99 The Meditative State of Mind 161
Color Vision 101 Getting Started with Meditation 161
Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy 103
SUMMARY 162
3 The Auditory System 109 KEY TERMS 163
The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It 109 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 163
Structures and Functions of the Ear 109
5
Theories of Hearing 112
Auditory Processing in the Brain 113
Localizing Sound 113
4 Other Senses 114 Learning 164
The Skin Senses 115
INTERSECTION: Sensation and Social Psychology: Why Do
Some People Literally Feel What Others Feel? 116
The Chemical Senses 117 1 Types of Learning 165
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Why Salt Is the
2 Classical Conditioning 167
Salt of the Earth 119
Pavlov’s Studies 167
The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses 120
Classical Conditioning in Humans 171
SUMMARY 122 INTERSECTION: Learning and Health Psychology: Can
KEY TERMS 123 Classical Conditioning Help Combat Obesity? 173
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 123 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Marketing
Between the Lines 175
3 Operant Conditioning 176
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Defining Operant Conditioning 177
Thorndike’s Law of Effect 177
States of Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning 178
Shaping 179
Consciousness 124
Principles of Reinforcement 179
Applied Behavior Analysis 186
4 Observational Learning 187
1 The Nature of Consciousness 125 5 Cognitive Factors in Learning 190
Defining Consciousness 126 Purposive Behavior 190
Consciousness and the Brain 126 Insight Learning 191
Theory of Mind 126
6 Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning 193
Levels of Awareness 127
Biological Constraints 193
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are There Benefits to
Cultural Influences 195
Mind Wandering? 129
Psychological Constraints 195
2 Sleep and Dreams 131 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do Learning Styles Matter
Biological Rhythms and Sleep 131 to Learning? 196
Why Do We Need Sleep? 133
SUMMARY 198
Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep 134
KEY TERMS 199
Sleep Throughout the Life Span 137
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 199
Contents // vii
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3 Intelligence 254
Measuring Intelligence 255
INTERSECTION: Cognitive and Health Psychology: Does
Memory 200 Thinking Fast Relate to Living Longer? 258
Genetic and Environmental Influences on
Intelligence 259
Extremes of Intelligence 262
1 The Nature of Memory 201 Theories of Multiple Intelligences 264
INTERSECTION: Cognitive Psychology and Developmental
4 Language 266
Psychology: How Does Reminiscing Affect Our
The Basic Properties of Language 267
Relationships and Our Development? 202
Language and Cognition 267
2 Memory Encoding 203 Biological and Environmental Influences on
Attention 203 Language 270
Levels of Processing 203 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Reducing the “Word
Elaboration 204 Gap” Lead to Better Outcomes for Disadvantaged
Imagery 205 Children? 273
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Is the Pen Mightier Language Development over the Life Span 273
Than the Keyboard? 206
SUMMARY 276
3 Memory Storage 207 KEY TERMS 277
Sensory Memory 208 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 277
Short-Term Memory 209
Long-Term Memory 212 8
4 Memory Retrieval 219
Serial Position Effect 220
Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task 221
Human Development 278
Special Cases of Retrieval 222
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Using Psychological
Research to Improve Police Lineups 227
5 Forgetting 229 1 Exploring Human Development 279
Encoding Failure 229 Research Methods in
Retrieval Failure 230 Developmental Psychology 279
6 Tips from the Science of Memory— How Do Nature and Nurture
for Studying and for Life 233 Influence Development? 280
Organizing, Encoding, Rehearsing, Do Early Experiences Rule Us for Life? 280
and Retrieving Course Content 233 Nature, Nurture, and You 281
Autobiographical Memory Three Domains of Development 282
and the Life Story 235 2 Physical Development 283
Keeping Memory Sharp 236 Prenatal Physical Development 283
Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood 285
SUMMARY 237
Physical Development in Adolescence 288
KEY TERMS 239
Physical Development in Adulthood 290
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 239
3 Cognitive Development 293
Cognitive Development from Childhood into
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Adulthood 293
INTERSECTION: Developmental Psychology and Cognitive
Thinking, Intelligence, Psychology: Do Children Engage in Wishful Thinking? 300
Cognitive Processes in Adulthood 300
and Language 240
4 Socioemotional Development 302
Socioemotional Development in Infancy 302
Erikson’s Theory of Socioemotional Development 304
1 The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology 241
5 Gender Development 312
2 Thinking 243 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Human Identities and the
Concepts 244 Changing Gender Landscape 313
Problem Solving 245 Biology and Gender Development 314
Reasoning and Decision Making 246 Cognitive Aspects of Gender Development 314
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Help Wanted: Critical and Socioemotional Experience and Gender
Creative Thinkers 252 Development 315
Thinking Critically and Creatively 252 Nature and Nurture Revisited: The John/Joan Case 316
viii // Contents
6 Moral Development 316 Sociocultural Factors in Emotion 354
Kohlberg’s Theory 317 Classifying Emotions 356
Critics of Kohlberg 317 Adaptive Functions of Emotions 357
Moral Development in a Socioemotional
5 Motivation and Emotion: The Pursuit
Context 318
of Happiness 358
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Children Natural
Biological Factors in Happiness 358
Helpers? 319
Obstacles in the Pursuit of Happiness 359
7 Death, Dying, and Grieving 320 Happiness Activities and Goal Striving 359
Terror Management Theory: A Cultural Shield against
SUMMARY 361
Mortality 320
KEY TERMS 362
Kübler-Ross’s Stages of Dying 321
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 362
Bonanno’s Theory of Grieving 321
Carving Meaning Out of the Reality of Death 322
10
8 Active Development as a Lifelong Process 322
SUMMARY 323
KEY TERMS 324
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 324 Personality 363
9
1 Psychodynamic Perspectives 364
Motivation and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory 364
Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists 368
Emotion 325 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s
Your Type? 370
Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives 371
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Does Birth Order Matter to
1 Theories of Motivation 326 Personality? 372
The Evolutionary Approach 326
2 Humanistic Perspectives 373
Drive Reduction Theory 327
Maslow’s Approach 373
Optimum Arousal Theory 327
Rogers’s Approach 374
2 Hunger and Sex 329 Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives 375
The Biology of Hunger 329
3 Trait Perspectives 376
Obesity 331
Trait Theories 376
The Biology of Sex 332
The Five-Factor Model of Personality 377
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s on the Menu and
INTERSECTION: Personality and Sleep Science:
Why It Matters 333
Are You a Morning Person or an Evening Person
Cognitive and Sensory/Perceptual Factors in
and Does It Matter? 381
Sexuality 334
Evaluating the Trait Perspective 383
Cultural Factors in Sexuality 335
Sexual Behavior and Orientation 336 4 Social Cognitive Perspectives 383
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory 384
3 Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in
Mischel’s Contributions 385
Everyday Life 342
Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspectives 388
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs 342
Self-Determination Theory 343 5 Biological Perspectives 388
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Watching TV Shows Theories Linking Personality and the Brain 389
Contribute to Optimal Well-Being? 345 Personality and Behavioral Genetics 391
Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation 345 Evaluating the Biological Perspectives 392
Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of
6 Personality Assessment 393
Goals 346 Self-Report Tests 393
INTERSECTION: Motivation and Neuroscience: Can We See Projective Tests 395
Intrinsic Motivation in the Brain? 347 Other Assessment Methods 396
4 Emotion 348
SUMMARY 398
Biological Factors in Emotion 348
KEY TERMS 399
Cognitive Factors in Emotion 352
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 399
Behavioral Factors in Emotion 353
Contents // ix