Exotic plant pests and North American agriculture

539 Pages·1983·8.85 MB·English

by  Charles L Wilson, Charles L Graham

Exotic Plant Pests
and North American Agriculture
Contributors
L. A. Andres David T. Patterson
J. A. Browning P. Lawrence Pusey
C. O. Calkins Reece I. Sailer
Alvin Keali'i Chock R. D. Schein
W. E. Cooley C. L. Schoulties
E. Crooks Ralph Scorza
L. E. Ehler CP. Seymour
D. R. Forney M. Shannon
C. L. Foy R. D. Shrum
K. Havel M. D. Simons
James G. Horsfall G. Snyder
Ke Chung Kim T. Wallenmaier
John D. Lattin Charles L. Wilson
J. W. Miller CE. Yarwood
Paul Oman Robert L. Zimdahl
Exotic Plant Pests
and North American
Agriculture
Edited by
CHARLES L. WILSON
Appalachian Fruit Research Station
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Kearneysville, West Virginia
CHARLES L. GRAHAM
Plant Disease Research Laboratory
Agricultural Research Service
United States Department of Agriculture
Frederick, Maryland
1983
ACADEMIC PRESS
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COPYRIGHT © 1983, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title :
Exotic plant pests and North American agriculture.
Includes index.
1. Pest introduction-United States.
2. Pest introduction. 3. Agricultural pests-
United States. 4. Agricultural pests. I. Wilson,
Charles L. II. Graham, Charles L.
SB990.5.U6E96 1983 632\6'0973 83-6078
ISBN 0-12-757880-3
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
83 84 85 86 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors xi
Preface xv
1. Impact of Introduced Pests on Man
JAMES G. HORSFALL
I. Diseases of Crop Plants 2
II. Weeds 8
III. Insects 8
References 12
2. History of Insect Introductions
REECE I. SAILER
I. introduction 15
II. Biogeographic Considerations 16
III. Modes of Entry 19
IV. Incremental Increase in Foreign Species, 1620-1980 25
V. Composition of Present Immigrant Fauna 29
VI. Economic Status of Immigrant Insects and Mites 31
VII. Geographic Origins of Immigrant Fauna 33
VIII. Conclusions 35
References 37
3. History of Plant Pathogen Introductions
C. E. YARWOOD
I. Hypothesis 40
II. Logic 40
V
vi Contents
III. Plant Introduction as a Government Activity 43
IV. Entrance of Pathogens with Hosts 44
V. Return of Native Plants from Abroad 45
VI. Entrance of Pathogens without Hosts 46
VII. Entrance of Hosts without Pathogens 47
VIII. The Importance of Alternate Hosts 47
IX. The Importance of Vectors 48
X. Introduction of Pathogens by Travelers 48
XI. Variable Host Range 49
XII. Chance of Establishment 49
XIII. Changing Virulence of Pathogens 50
XIV. Changing Susceptibility of Hosts 50
XV. Pathogens Introduced into the United States 51
XVI. Pathogens Exported from the United States 56
XVII. Other Pathogens of World Interest 56
XVIII. Discussion 57
References 58
4. History of Weed Introductions
C. L. FOY, D. R. FORNEY, and W. E. COOLEY
I. Introduction 65
II. The Importance of Introduced Weeds in North America 67
III. The Nature of Weeds 69
IV. Modes of Weed Introduction 72
V. A Chronicle of Weed Introductions in North America 78
VI. Legal Considerations 81
VII. Synopsis and Conclusions 88
References 89
5. Where Are the Exotic Insect Threats?
JOHN D. LATTIN and PAUL OMAN
I. Introduction 93
II. Recognition of Insect Pest Species 95
III. Characteristics of Organisms That Influence Pest Status 98
IV. Domestic Pest Threats 126
V. Conclusions and Recommendations 131
References 132
Contents vii
6. Where Are the Exotic Disease Threats?
C. L. SCHOULTIES, C. P. SEYMOUR, and
J. W. MILLER
I. Introduction 139
II. Awareness of Exotic Diseases and Exotic Disease Threats 140
III. Realization or Actualization of Exotic Diseases in Our
Agriculture 144
IV. Where Are the Exotic Diseases? 157
V. Conclusions 174
References 176
7. Where Are the Principal Exotic Weed Pests?
ROBERT L. ZIMDAHL
I. Definition of a Weed 185
II. Distribution of Weeds 187
III. Evaluating Exotic Plants 189
IV. Exotic Weeds That May Threaten U.S. Agriculture 194
V. Concluding Comments 208
Appendix 1 210
Appendix 2 212
References 215
8. Ecology and Genetics of Exotics
RALPH SCORZA
I. Introduction 219
II. Density Dependence and Density Independence 220
III. Temperature 221
IV. Moisture 222
V. Other Factors 223
VI. Biological Competition 223
VII. Natural versus Agricultural Ecosystems 225
VIII. Stability-Complexity of Natural Ecosystems 226
IX. Genetic Interactions 228
X. Conclusions 234
References 234
viii Contents
9. Stopping Pest Introductions
E. CROOKS, K. HAVEL, M. SHANNON, G. SNYDER,
and T. WALLENMAIER
I. Legal Basis for Stopping Pest Introductions 240
II. Pest Risk Reduction System 241
III. Suppression and Eradication Programs for Introduced
Exotics 254
IV. New Trends for New Problems 256
V. Conclusions 259
References 259
10. How to Detect and Combat Exotic Pests
KE CHUNG KIM
I. Introduction 262
II. History of Regulatory Plant Protection 264
III. Exotic Component of the World Biotas 271
IV. Biological Basis of Regulatory Plant Protection 273
V. Plant Pest Information 282
VI. Integrated Approach to Plant Protection 286
VII. Plant Quarantine and Inspection 294
VIII. Pest Detection and Monitoring 301
IX. Regulatory Control Strategies 304
X. Conclusion and Summary 310
References 312
11. Research on Exotic Insects
C. O. CALKINS
I. Introduction 321
II. Research Approaches 333
III. Research Institutions 345
IV. Conclusions 352
Appendix 1 353
Appendix 2 354
Appendix 3 354
References 356
Contents ix
12. Research on Exotic Plant Pathogens
P. LAWRENCE PUSEY and CHARLES L. WILSON
I. Introduction 361
II. How Well Can We Predict? 362
III. Potential of Exotic Pathogens 364
IV. Stopping the Would-Be Invaders 367
V. Preparing for Invasions 370
VI. What Should Our Focus Be? 372
References 375
13. Research on Exotic Weeds
DAVID T. PATTERSON
I. Introduction 381
II. Research on Individual Species 383
III. Interaction of Exotic Weeds with Other Organisms 388
IV. Research on Control of Exotic Weeds 390
V. Conclusions 391
References 391
14. Biological Control: Exotic Natural Enemies to Control
Exotic Pests
L. E. EHLER and L. A. ANDRES
I. Introduction 396
II. Theory and Practice of Classical Biological Control 396
III. Factors Affecting Success in Classical Biological Control 402
IV. Summary and Conclusion 411
References 412
15. Prediction Capabilities for Potential Epidemics
R. D. SHRUM and R. D. SCHEIN
I. Introduction 420
II. A Two-Part Problem 421
III. Modeling 426
References 445