Existentialism PDF
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S E C O N D E D I T I O N R O B E R T C . S O L O M O N xistentia ism New York Oxford Oxford University Press 2005 University of Texas at Austin Second Edition Robert C. Solomon Existentialism Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 MadisonAvenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. ISBN: 13 978-0-19-517463-2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Oxford University Press Copyright © 2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc. The idea I have never ceased to develop is in the end that a man can always make something out of what is made of him. New Left Review —Jean-Paul Sartre, 1971 (interview in ) Preface ix Introduction xi Soren Kierkegaard From From The Rotation Method (from Is There Such a Thing as a Teleological Suspension of the Ethical? (from ) Truth Is Subjectivity (from On Becoming a Christian From Concerning the Dedication to “The Individual” (from What Do I Want? (from Kierkegaard’s letters) Ivan Turgenev From Feodor Dostoevsky From The Grand Inquisitor (from ) Friedrich Nietzsche From From From From From On Truth On The Will to Power On Eternal Recurrence The Present Age 3 The Journals 6 Either/Or) 8 Fear and Trembling and The Sickness Unto Death 15 Concluding Unscientific Postscript) 17 23 The Concept of Anxiety 29 The Point of View for My Work as An Author) 32 33 Fathers and Sons 34 Notes from Underground 38 The Brothers Karamazov 48 The Gay Science 67 Thus Spoke Zarathustra 72 Beyond Good and Evil 75 On the Genealogy of Morality 79 Twilight of the Idols 92 94 97 100 Contents vi Contents From Hermann Hesse Martin Heidegger From The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics (from From Rainer Maria Rilke From Miguel de Unamuno From Karl Jaspers ' Existenz (from Franz Kafka Couriers (from Before the Law (from Gabriel Marcel What Is a Free Man? (from Albert Camus From From From From “Albert Camus” by Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Sartre From From The Origin of Nothingness (from Patterns of Bad Faith (from Freedom and Facticity: The Situation (from Being-for-Others (from From Freedom and Responsibility (from Steppenwolf 103 Being and Time 117 An Introduction to Metaphysics) 146 Discourse on Thinking 151 The Notebooks ofMalte Laurids Brigge 154 The Tragic Sense of Life 157 Philosophy) 162 Parables and Paradoxes) 171 The Penal Colony) 171 Man Against Mass Society) 174 The Stranger 184 The Myth of Sisyphus 187 The Fall 198 201 Existentialism Is a Humanism 206 Nausea 214 Being and Nothingness) 218 Being and Nothingness) 224 Being and Nothingness) 239 Being and Nothingness) 243 No Exit 246 Being and Nothingness) 251 Contents vii From From From Marxism and Existentialism (from Sartre on Angst (from a series of interviews with Jean-Paul Sartre, conducted by Benny Levy) Maurice Merleau-Ponty From “Merleau-Ponty” by Jean-Paul Sartre Prospectus (A Report to the Collège de France) Freedom (from Simone de Beauvoir From From Hazel E. Barnes Sartre and Feminism: Aside from and All That (from “Sartre and Feminism”) Martín Buber From Paul Tillich From Keiji Nishitani From “What Is Religion?” Colin Wilson From Viktor E. Frankl Gabriel Garcia Márquez From Samuel Beckett The Flies 255 The Age of Reason 256 St. Genet: Actor and Martyr 259 Search for a Method) 262 269 272 273 The Phenomenology of Perception) 277 The Ethics of Ambiguity 292 The Second Sex 296 The Second Sex 308 I and Thou 319 The Courage to Be 331 338 Anti-Sartre 343 Man’s Search for Meaning 353 Logotherapy 355 Tragic Optimism 357 Love in the Time of Cholera 359 Act Without Words 365 viii Contents Luis Borges Borges and I (from Harold Pinter From Joseph Heller From Philip Roth From Arthur Miller From A Personal Anthology) 3 70 The Dwarfs 372 Catch-22 3 73 The Human Stain 374 Death of a Salesman 376 ix This is the second edition of which was originally pub lished in 1974 by Random House-Knopf in their classic Modern Library Series and then carried for years by McGraw-Hill Book Company. This is the first edition published under the auspices of Oxford University Press. I would like to thank my excellent editor, Robert Miller, and his very helpful assistant, Emily Voigt. I would also like to thank Jon-David Hague at McGraw-Hill for helping with the rights and Jane Cullen for helping me put together the first edition of the book. I would especially like to thank Clancy W. Martin for his help and advice in preparing this edition. As in the first edition, attempts to provide both ample material from the “big four” existentialists—Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Hei degger, and Sartre—and give some sense of the breadth and variety of existentialist thought. In this edition, I have expanded the “big four” chapters and the introductions to those chapters so that those who pre fer to concentrate their focus will find them adequate for an entire course. The “big four” contain extensive sections of major works and smaller bits that especially illuminate existentialism. I have not signifi cantly lengthened the introductions, however, as I have done so at great length in some of my other publications (for example, Oxford University Press, 1988) and the purpose of this book is simply to provide substantial and now classic texts in the rich history of existentialism. I have also tried to retain a sense of the rich variety of existentialist thought and writing by including many other figures. I have updated these, deleting several who once were cutting edge and important ex amples but no longer seem so. I have added other figures, notably Rainer Maria Rilke, Philip Roth, Gabriel Garcia Márquez, and Luis Borges, who seem more “hip” today. I have also included some “short takes” to round out the picture. In teaching this course for many years, I have been embarrassed by the lack of representation of women—with the notable exception of Si mone de Beauvoir—in existentialism as in philosophy. Consequently, and perhaps for other reasons too, existentialism has often been accused Existentialism., Existentialism Continental Phi losophy Since 1750, Preface X Preface of being a “male” if not “macho” philosophy. (Norman Mailer’s champi oning of existentialism in its early years in America did not blunt this charge, nor, I should add, did the infamous behavior of some of the lead ing French existentialists.) With this in mind, I have added the voice of at least one worthy feminist defender of existentialism (particularly Sartre’s philosophy), Hazel Barnes. I cannot rewrite the history of the existential ist movement, but at least I can provide a more open forum. I have expanded the global reach of the book to indicate that exis tentialism is no longer restricted to Europe and North America but now has a firm place in Asia and South America, for example. I have included both a Japanese author (Keiji Nishitani) and two Latin American authors (Luis Borges and Gabriel Garcia Márquez). In addition, I have added a much-missed piece to the Dostoyevsky chapter, “The Grand Inquisitor” from as a response to something akin to pop ular demand. , I have not altered the form or format of the book, which remains an effort to present the works of the existentialists as works of philosophi cal art in an international gallery setting. That is what they are, works of philosophical art, despite their sometimes tangled and even artless prose. To say that existentialism is philosophy as art (and not, for exam ple, science) is not meant to denigrate but to emphasize,and enhance its value in questioning and appreciating the meaning of our lives. The Brothers Karamazov,
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