Existence of the order Bathynellacea (Crustacea, Syncarida) in South Asia: a new species of genus Habrobathynella Schminke 1973, from River Pennar, South India

2004·3.9 MB·

by  Y Ranga Reddy

Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101 (2), May-Aug 2004 277-284
NEW DESCRIPTIONS
EXISTENCE OF THE ORDER BATHYNELLACEA (CRUSTACEA, SYNCARIDA)
IN SOUTH ASIA: A NEW SPECIES OF GENUS HABROBATHYNELLA SCHMINKE
1973,
FROM RIVER PENNAR, SOUTH INDIA
1
Y. RangaReddy2
'Accepted February 2001
department ofZoology, Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar 522 510, Andhra Pradesh, India
Ernai [email protected]
I:
A new species ofthe genusHabrobathynella Schminke 1973, isdescribed from River Pennar nearCuddapah, South
India NamedHabrobathynellaschminkei,thenewspeciesbelongstoFamily Parabathynellidae. Itdiffersfrom itstwo
known Madascan congeners,H. millotiandH.jeanneli(Delamareand Paulian 1954) in several morphologicaldetails,
namely the presence ofone ventral plumose setaat distal inner angle ofsympodite ofuropod; two strongly unequal
setae on the basal segment ofmaxilla; much elongated endopodite on uropod; absence ofseta on third endopodite
segmentofthoracopodsI-VII A keytothe identification ofthe threespeciesofHabrobathynella is alsogiven.
ThisisthefirstreportoftheOrder Bathynellaceain South Asia,whiletherecordofHabrobathynellain South Indiafills
thevastgapinthedistribution rangeoftheFamily Parabathynellidae,and lendssupporttotheEastAsianoriginofthis
family.
Keywords: Habrobathynellaschminkeisp. nov., Bathynellacea,Parabathynellidae,taxonomy, India
INTRODUCTION schminkei sp. nov. is the first representative of the Order
Bathynellacea from South Asia, as well as of the genus
Bathynellaceaareminute,eumalacostracancrustaceans, Habrobathynella from Asia.
usuallyinhabitingthemesopsammon, i.e. theinterstitialwater It is hoped that this fortuitous discovery of
in the spaces between sand grains of lakes, rivers, streams H schminkei sp. nov. will be a precursor to studies on the
andwells.Theonlyexceptionsaretwospecieslivingasrelicts possibly rich biodiversity of the neglected hyporheic and
mLakeBaikalatadepthof100-1440m(Bazikalova 1954)and phreatic environment ofSouth Asia. This hypogean habitat
onespecies inanAustralian marinebeach(Schminke 1972). is a promising place not only for biologists to look for new
The living Bathynellacea represent one ofthe oldest groups insights into adaptation and speciation (Ban- 1968, Rouch
of freshwater carcmofauna, whose ancestors inhabited the 1986),butforgeologistsaswelltodelveintotheevolutionary
seaduringtheCarboniferousperiod,orevenearlier(Schminke history ofthe earth.
1974). Today bathynellaceans are known from all over the
METHODS
world, except Antarctica. It is paradoxical that despite the
fact thatthe first Asian species was recorded from a cave in
Malaysia asfarTackas 1929(Sars 1929), andthatthe centre ThesamplingsitewasRiverPennaratChennur,c. 15 km
ofevolutionofBathynellacea isEastAsia,practicallynothing from Cuddapah town. South India. About ten core samples
is known of this group from the whole of the South Asian werecollectedatvariouspointsofthe submergednverbank,
region. There are, however, several published reports from overlaid with a loose deposit offine sand. A rigid PVC tube
otherparts ofAsia(see Loprettoand Morrone 1998). (length70cm,diameter4 cm)wasusedforcoring.Thecores
TheOrderBathynellaceaiscomprisedoftwofamilies: taken fromthe sedimentsurfacetoadepthof20-30cmwere
Bathynellidae and Parabathynellidae. Schminke’s (1986) pooled into a bucket and vigorously stirred with the habitat
surveyhasrevealedmorethan 150knownspeciesbelonging water. The supernatant was filtered through bolting silk
to42 genera inthesetwofamilies. planktonnets(meshsize70pm).Thefiltratewasfixedin20%
This paper gives the description of a new species of alcohol and thenpreservedin 70% alcohol. Specimens were
thegenusHabrobathynellaSchminke 1973,belongingtothe dissected in glycerol, using a stereoscopic binocular
FamilyParabathynellidae.Whilerevisingthisfamily,Schminke microscope at 90x; body parts were mounted under cover
(1973) established the above genus for two species, both slipsandsealedwithAraldite. Measurementsweremadewith
from Madagascar: Habrobathynella milloti (Delamare and an eyepiece micrometer, and drawings made with Camera
Paulian 1954), the type species, and Habrobathynella Lucidaonacompoundmicroscopeatmagnificationsof150x,
jeanneli (Delamare and Paulian 1954). Habrobathynella 270x,450x675xor lOOOx.Appendageswerelargelydissected
1
NEW DESCRIPTIONS
beforedrawing,while lateralviewsweredrawninsitu. Body
lengthwasmeasured fromtheanteriormarginoftheheadto
the end ofthe caudal furca.
KeytothespeciesofthegenusHabrobathynella
1 Sympodite of uropod with a seta at distal inner corner;
pleotelson setaeshorterthan caudal furca
H schminkei sp. nov.
Sympodite of uropod without seta at distal inner corner;
pleotelson setaeas longascaudal furca 2
2 Antennule elongate, apophysis on segment 4 shorter than
segment 5; exopodite ofuropod with spinous projection at
innerterminalcorner H.mi!loti
Antennule short, apophysis on segment 4 reaching end of
segment 5; exopodite ofuropod withoutspinous projection
//jeanneli
Systematicposition
SubclassEumalacostracaPackard 1892
SuperorderSyncaridaPackard 1885
OrderBathynellaceaChappuis 1915
FamilyParabathynelhdaeNoodt 1965
Habrobathynellaschminkeisp. nov.(Figs 1-4)
Typelocalityand materialexamined: RiverPennarat
Chennur,c. 15kmfromCuddapahtown(14°28'N,78°49'E),
South India, 45 males, 60 females, 15 juveniles. 18.1.2000.
Coll M.V.S.KishoreKumar.
Holotype(female),allotype(male),paratypes(10males,
10 females), all undissected, were deposited in the Natural
History Museum, London. Regn. nos.: Holotype: 2002.5, Fig. 1:Habrobathynellaschminkeisp. nov.,adultfemale,
allotype 2002.6, paratypes 2002.7-26. Dissected and some holotype,lateralview. Scale= 100pm
undissectedparatypes(25males,40females)areintheauthor’s
collection. view, posterodorsal end variable in shape (Figs 2e-j).
Other locality: RiverGodavari at Rajahmundrytown Pleotelson with 1 seta on either side at base ofcaudal furca;
(16°9'N,8 047'E),SouthIndia.Only2femalesfromfinesand seta bare, shorter than caudal furca.
atthemiddleoftheriverbasin,waterdepthc. 1.25m,29.1.1999. Caudalfurcaonlyslightlylongerthanmaximumwidth,
Coll. Y.RangaReddy. distalpartexpandedandrounded,with2terminaland2 inner,
pointed, serrulate spines, and 2 dorsal setae; terminal spines
Descriptionofadults longerthan innerones. Furcalorgansmall, ventral.
Adultfemale:Totallength:Holotype 1.04mm;paratypes Antennule (Fig. 2k) 6-segmented, 34.5% longer than
0.80-1.04mm,mean0.90±0.06 mm(n=55). Bodyelongate, head; first segment thickest, the remainder becoming
13timeslongerthanmaximumwidth. Inlateralview,abdominal progressively thinner. Length offirst 3 segments distinctly
segments wider than thoracic segments (Fig 1). In dorsal greater than that oflast 3; apophysis ofsegment 4 slender,
view, bodyvermiformuniformlynarrow. Head27.7%longer overreaching only mid-length of next segment. No sexual
than wide, and about as long as first 2 thoracic segments dimorphism. Segments 5 and6with 2 and 3 aesthetascs, the
combined. Anal operculum protruding, concave medially, formersomewhatlonger. Setation,asobservedunderoptical
sometimesextendingtoendofcaudal furca(Fig.2d), inlateral microscope, illustratedinFig. 2k.
278 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (2), May-Aug 2004
NEW DESCRIPTIONS
Fig. 2: Habrobathynellaschminkeisp. nov.,adultfemale,a. pleotelson, lateral;
b. pleotelson,dorsal(righturopodomitted);c. posteriorpartofpleotelson,dorsal(rightcaudalfurcaomitted);
d-j. posteriorendofpleotelson,lateralview; k. antennuledorsalview; I. antenna; m. labrum,ventralview; n. mandible, lateralview;
o. mandible,parsincisiva(withproximaltooth),frontalview; p maxillule; q. maxilla;
r-u.thoracicsegment8andabdominalsegment 1,lateralview
Scale: v(forfiguresa-k, r-u)=50pm;w(forfigures I, m-q)= 50 pm.
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (2), May-Aug 2004 279
NEW DESCRIPTIONS
Antenna(Fig.21)small,2-segmented;proximalsegment about0.8timesaslongasendopodite;segment 1 1.3-1.5times
muchsmallerthandistaloneandunarmed;distalsegment2.5 longerthansegment2, with2unequalplumosesetae,ventral
times as long aswide, with2 unequal terminalsetae, 1 small one as long as segment 2 on Thoracopod II, but distinctly
subterminalsetaondorsalsurfaceand 1 similarsetaonouter shorter on Thoracopods III-VII; segment 2 with 2 terminal,
proximalmargin. unequal setae, outer one plumose, inner one spiculated;
Labium(Fig. 2m)dentatemarginsomewhatvaultedon ctenidia at base of inner seta. Endopodite 4-segmented,
either side, bearing 10 main, nearly uniform, pointed teeth segment 1 short,unarmed;segment2 longestandwith 1 outer
and 1 smallertooth on each side. plumose seta, extending beyond segment 4 and also with
Mandible (Figs 2n, o) distal part ofpars incisiva with ctenidia at distal inner corner and spinules on inner margin,
4 unequal teeth, distal tooth relatively large; proximal tooth except for a short distance proximally; segment 3 without
large, curved and pointed. Pars molaris developed into seta, but with ctenidia as on segment 2; segment4 smallest,
somewhat pyriform outgrowth, carrying 2 isolated, curved rounded,with 1 terminalclaw.
teethon innermarginand3 straightpointed,unequalteethin Thoracopod VIII (Fig. 2r-u) relatively large,
a group at proximal end; also, 1 denticle occurring at outer undifferentiated,plate-likeorsomewhatcrescentic.
proximal corner, all teeth smooth, articulate and apparently Uropod(Figs 2a, b): Sympodite nearly4times as long
without setules. Palps completely absent. as wide, bearing 4 spines, and 1 seta on innerdistal margin;
Maxillule (Fig. 2p) consisting of2 endites; proximal distal spine almost straight, serrulate, distinctly stouter and
endite small, elongatelyoval, carrying 1 long, thick, falcate, 29% longer than others; otherspines equal in size, setiform,
terminalspinewithfinelysemilateinnermargin,2small,equal with proximal fourth slightly dilated, beyond which lateral
setae, and 1 setuleonsubterminal innermargin. Distalendite marginssemilate;proximalspinegenerallycurvedanteriorly.
cylindrical, 2.5 times as long as proximal endite and with Exopodite cylindrical, 4 times longer than wide, measuring
4 terminal claws, distal one large and smooth, others with 34% ofsympodite length and carrying 2 terminal, unequal,
serrulate margins; also, 2 unequal spines occurring on plumosesetae.Endopoditefalcate,reaching86%ofsympodite
subterminal inner margin and 3 setae on subterminal outer length; distal inner margin serrulate; 2 unequal, relatively
margin. short,plumosesetaeatproximalfourthofoutermargin.
Maxilla(Fig. 2q)3-segmented;basalsegment 1.7times Adultmale: Total length: allotype0.96 mm,paratypes
as long as wide, with 2 strongly unequal setae on small 0.72-0.96 mm, mean 0.83 ±0.07 mm (n =40). Body and all
protuberance at distal inner comer. Second segment nearly appendagesexceptThoracopodVIIIas infemale.
twice as long asbasalsegment andarmedwith 13 setae, and Thoracopod VIII (Figs 3h-j) large, subglobular and
1 straight spine at distal inner comer. Third segment small, longer than wide. Outer lobe conical, apparently smooth,
oval, carrying 1 stout claw and no setae. definedatbaseandbluntapically.Dentatelobelarge,concave
ThoracopodsI-VII(Figs3a-g)7pairsofwell-developed at mid-length, longer than inner lobe, with 2-3 rows offine
thoracopods, gradually increasing in size from pairs I to III, denticles along free margin and also a group ofadditional
last5pairsofnearlysimilarsize;well-developed,biarticulate, denticles at anterior corner (Fig. 3j); a large, somewhat
club-shaped epipodite on pairs II-VII, at least 0.7 times as crescentic lobe adnate to anterior halfofdentate lobe, seen
long as basis. On all thoracopods, coxa with distinctconical clearlyinlatero-extemalview. Innerlobelinguiforminrostral
projectionatdistal innerborder,andbasiswith 1 weaksetaat view. Basipodite triangular, ending in pointed hook and
similarposition. carrying 1 lateral seta. Two tiny triangular lobes ofslightly
Thoracopod I (Fig. 3a) short, exopodite 2-segmented, unequal size, probably representing exo- and endopodites,
0.7 times as long as endopodite; segment 1 only slightly lying close to each other at distal angle ofbasipodite below
longerthansegment2 andwith2 short,almostequal,plumose theterminalhook
setae, 1 dorsal, 1 ventral; segment 2 with 2 terminal setae, Description of juveniles: In all, 14 juveniles,
outer one plumose and slightly shorter than spiculated representing only two distinct instars, were recorded.
inner one; ctenidia lying at base of inner seta. Endopodite InstarI: Sexually undifferentiated. Total length 0.58-
4-segmented, segment 1 about half ofsegment 2 and with 0.65 mm,mean0.61 ±0.02 mm(n=6). Bodyformasinadult,
1 weak seta at distal inner corner; segment 2 longest with 12 times longerthan maximumwidth. Abdominal segments
plumosesetaatdistaloutercorner;thirdsegmentunarmed; widerthanthoracicsegments. Head26.5%longerthanwide.
1
segment 4 shortest, rectangular, with 2 unequal, smooth, Antennule 32.5% longerthan head. Body segmentation and
terminalclaws. variousdetailsofcephalic appendagesandcaudalfurcaasin
ThoracopodsII-VII(Figs3b-g): Exopodite2-segmented, adult, butdiffering inthe following respects:
280 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (2), May-Aug 2004
)
NEW DESCRIPTIONS
Fig. 3: Habrobathynellaschminkeisp. nov.,adultfemale,a-g.thoracopods l-VII, respectively.Adultmale,
h-j.ThoracopodVIII(Bsp=basipoditeorbasis;Lb-ext=externallobe; Lb-mt=internallobe; Lb-dent=dentatelobe,
Exp=exopodite; Enp=endopodite): h. latero-externalview;i. rostralview;j. latero-internalview.
Scale: k=50 pm (forfiguresa-g); I=20 pm(forfigures h-j
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (2), May-Aug 2004 281
NEW DESCRIPTIONS
1. Sympodite (Fig. 4a) has only 3 spmes, distal one of than its tooth. However, the two species differ from each
which is distinctly large and 26% longer than others. otherasfollows: labiumofnewspecieslessvaulted,proximal
2. ThoracopodsI-IV(notillustrated)areadult-like;last endite ofmaxillulebearing only three claws (two small, one
4 thoracic segments have rounded sternum (in lateral view. large)andone setule, insteadoffourclaws(three small, one
Fig.4c), thethoracopods V-VIIbeingabsent. large). Inthe uropod, distal spine onsympodite44% shorter
Abnormality: Inonespecimen, therightcaudalfurca than endopodite (30% in H milloti), exo- and endopodites
with 5 spines(Fig. 4b). constitute 34% and 86% of sympodite length respectively
InstarII:Sexuallydifferentiated,7males,2females.Total (42%and65%, inH. milloti)andexopoditewithoutspinous
lengthofmale0.62-0.81 mm, mean0.72±0.06 mm(n=7);of projectionatinnertermmalcomer.Further,whereasthefemale
female 0.63-0.70 mm. Body and all appendages except ThoracopodVIII iswell developedinH. schminkeisp. nov.,
thoracopods V-VII (Figs 4d-f) invariably bent posteriorly itis“completelyabsent”inH. milloti(DelamareandPaulian
unlikethoracopodsI-IV. Endopoditeunsegmented,0.7times 1954). The male Thoracopod VIII is also distinct in the two
as long as basis; basis without inner seta. Thoracopods V species. Its inner lobe in latero-intemal view is triangular,
and VI equal in size, Thoracopod VII somewhat longer. reaching almost the same level as the basipodite in the new
Exopoditecylindrical,shorterthanendopodite,with2 unequal species, whereas itis rounded and higher than basipodite in
terminalsetae. Endopoditeunsegmented, unarmed. H. milloti (see Delamare and Serban 1974); the nature and
Thoracopod VIII (Fig 4g): Basipodite fused to arrangement of denticles on the dentate lobe is different
protopodite and ending in large, sharply incurved hook-like betweenthetwotaxa. Also, inthenewspecies, theexopodite
spinous process; lateral seta absent. Outer lobe well- is much reduced in size and the endopodite (?) represented
m
developed, conical form. Dentate lobe undifferentiated, by a tiny triangularprojection instead ofa seta.
smooth, shorter than inner lobe. Exo- and endopodites not H. schminkeisp. nov.canbeeasilyseparatedfromboth
discernible. ofits congeners by the following principal criteria: (i) one
Populationvariation: Intheadults,theanaloperculum ventralplumosesetapresentatdistalinnerangleofsympodite
vanes widely inboth sexes, anda similartrend is noticed in ofuropod; (u) two strongly unequal setae on basal segment
Thoracopod VIII female also. In one specimen, three of maxilla; (in) endopodite of uropod much elongated;
aesthetascs were noticed on the fifth antermular segment - (iv) female Thoracopod VIII large; (v) third endopodite-
perhapsanabnormality.Novariationisapparentinthenumber segmentofthoracopods I-VII withoutseta; and(vi)setaeon
ofspines borne by the sympodite ofuropod. pleotelson shorter than caudal furca.
Etymology: The new species is named in honour of H. schminkei sp. nov is also clearly distinguishable
Prof.H.K. Schminke,C.V.O. OldenburgUniversity,Germany, by some of its mandibular characters. Pars molaris as an
for his significant contributions to the study of outgrowth has five teeth in all, besides aproximal denticle,
Bathynellacea. instead ofonly four teeth without a denticle. The proximal
three teeth along with the denticle are more compactly
DISCUSSION arrangedinagroupthan intheothertaxa,andarealsodevoid
ofsetules The proximal tooth ofpars incisiva occurring at
,
Schminke (1973) characterized the genus a somewhat higher level thanpars molaris cannot be said
,
Habrobathynella as follows: antenna 2-segmented; labrum to be uniformly fused withpars molaris as in the othertwo
stronglyvaulted,with8mainteeth;mandiblehaving,inplace species.
of“Borstenlobus”, an outgrowthbearing 5 teeth. Maxilla 3- The author isofthe opinion thattheshorterpleotelson
segmented,prehensile.Antennule6-segmented,penultimate setae and the slight mandibulardifferences displayed by the
segmentwith 2 aesthetascs. Thoracopods with 2-segmented new species are of consequence only at the species level
exopodite. Sympoditeofuropodwitharowofdissimilarspines, [c/Schnunke’s 1973)genericdiagnosis].
(
distal spine beingthickerand longer.
The specimens under study closely fit the generic Habitat
diagnosis. Habrobathynella schminkei sp. nov. appears to The type locality ofH. schminkei sp. nov. was rich in
be somewhat closer to H. milloti than to H. jeanneli, as detritus at the time ofsampling; the sand was fine and the
evident, inter alia from the following features: antennules currentvelocitymoderate. Theco-occurringfaunaincluded:
,
elongate, and apophysis ofsegment 4 shorter than the next Parastenocaris sp. which was fairly common, followed by
segment; maxillule with six claws on distal endite; maxilla Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell. Other copepods were
carrying two claws; setae on endopodite ofuropod shorter represented by stray specimens of Onychocamptus
282 J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (2), May-Aug 2004
NEW DESCRIPTIONS
Fig. 4 Habrobathynellaschminkeisp. nov., InstarI(as meantinthetext),a. pleotelson, lateralview;
b.abnormalrightcaudalfurca,dorsalview;c thoracicsegments5-8(countedfromabove).
InstarII (asmeantinthetext);d-g.thoracopodsV-VIII, respectively Scale:forfiguresa, b,d-f=50pm
chcithamensis (Sars), Elaphoidella sp., Nitokra sp., January atboth the localities. It is likely tobe found in other
Eucyclops sp., and Paracyclops sp. Unidentified ostracods peninsular rivers as well, but may not be frequent In the
wereabundant.Amonginsects,mayflynymphswerecommon River Krishna, however, it is apparently replaced by
alongwith Chironomuslarvae. Nematodeswerefew. Habrobathynella indica Ranga R.eddy and Schminke.
ThisdiscoveryofthegenusHabrobathynella inSouth
Distribution Indiafillsthelong-existingandlargegapinthedistributionof
Outsideitstypelocality.A/, schminkeisp. nov. isknown Bathynellacea. Italsofurthertestifiestothe EastAsianorigin
from the River Godavari at Rajahmundry. It was noticed in oftheFamilyParabathynelhdae(Schminke 1974).
J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 101 (2), May-Aug 2004 283
NEW DESCRIPTIONS
Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ThehyporheicandphreaticenvironmentofSouthAsia
withitsdiversifiedgeomorphology,hydrographyandclimate, TheauthorisgratefultoMr. M.V.S. KishoreKumarfor
is quite likely to supporta rich faunal diversity as elsewhere collectingandmakingavailablethematerialofthenewspecies
(Pesce 1985). However, little is known about this special from its type locality, and to Prof. H.K. Schminke, C.V.O.
habitat. Hencestygobiologicalresearchinthisregionisbound OldenburgUniversity,Germany,forgoingthroughanearlier
toberewarding. draftofthemanuscriptandconfirmingtheidentityofthenew
species. Thanks are also due to the following for providing
Addendum literature: Drs. A.I. Camacho, Museo Nacional de Ciencias
Since the acceptance of this manuscript of this Naturales, Madrid, Spain, H.J. Dumont, Gent University,
paper for publication, the following two species have been Belgium, Y. Morimoto, Himejicity, Japan, L.A. Stepanova,
added to the genus Habrobathyne/Ia: H. nagcujunai St. Petersburg, Russia, E.C. Lopretto, Facultad de Ciencias
Ranga Reddy, 2002 (see Hydrobiologia 470: 37-43, 2002) Naturales Y. Museo, La Plata, Argentina, J.L. Cho, Korean
and H. indica Ranga Reddy & Schminke (J. nat. Hist, in WaterResourceResearchInstitute,Taejon, SouthKorea,and
press) T.Karanovic,Bellizi(SA),Italy.
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