Exercise physiology: Nutrition, energy, and human performance

1106 Pages·2010·71.17 MB·English

by  Frank I. Katch

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EXERCISE
PHYSIOLOGY
Nutrition, Energy,
and Human Performance
Seventh Edition
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EXERCISE
PHYSIOLOGY
Nutrition, Energy,
and Human Performance
Seventh Edition
William D. McArdle
Professor Emeritus, Department of Family, Nutrition,
and Exercise Science
Queens College of the City University of New York
Flushing, New York
Frank I. Katch
International Research Scholar
Faculty of Health and Sport, Agder University College
Kristiansand, Norway
Instructor and Board Member
Certificate Program in Fitness Instruction
UCLA Extension, Los Angeles, California
Former Professor and Chair of Exercise Science
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
Victor L. Katch
Professor, Department of Movement Science
Division of Kinesiology
Associate Professor, Pediatrics
School of Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Seventh Edition
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Unless otherwise indicated, all photographs are Copyright ©2008 by Fitness Technologies, Inc., Frank I. Katch, and
Victor L. Katch, 5043 Via Lara Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93111. This material is protected by copyright. No photo-
graph may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission from the copyright holders.
Appendices B and C Copyright © 2008 by Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch, William D. McArdle, and Fitness
Technologies, Inc., 5043 Via Lara Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93111. No part of this appendix may be reproduced in
any manner or by any means without written permission from the copyright holders.
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McArdle, William D.
Exercise physiology : nutrition, energy, and human performance / William
D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, Victor L. Katch. — 7th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7817-9781-8 (alk. paper)
1. Exercise—Physiological aspects. I. Katch, Frank I. II. Katch, Victor
L. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Exercise—physiology. 2. Nutritional Physiological Phenomena.
3. Sports Medicine. QT 260 M478e 2010]
QP301.M375 2010
612'.044—dc22 2009029341
DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted practices.
However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from
application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency,
completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation
remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not
be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in
thistext are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view
of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy
and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and
dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new
or infrequently employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance
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To my wife Kathleen, my best friend and biggest supporter, and to the rest of the
“A team”: my children, Theresa, Amy, Kevin, and Jennifer; their spouses, Christian, Jeff,
Nicole, and Andy; and my grandchildren, Liam, Aidan, Quinn, Dylan, Kelly Rose, Owen,
Henry, Kathleen (Kate), Grace, Elizabeth, Claire, and Elise.
Bill McArdle
To my wife and life partner, Kerry, for four decades of love and support; to my two sons,
David and Kevin, for achieving the honorable in their business and personal lives;
to my daughter, Ellen, for current and future years of dedicated service as
a pediatrician; and to her new husband, Sean.
Frank Katch
To those most important in my life: Heather, Erika, Leslie, and the J-man.
I’m a lucky man.
Victor Katch
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PREFACE
As in the publication of the first edition of Exercise Introduction: A View of the Past. The text’s introduction,
Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance in “Exercise Physiology: Roots and Historical Perspectives,” re-
1981, this seventh edition reflects our continued commitment flects our interest and respect for the earliest underpinnings of
to integrate the concepts and science of the different disci- the field, and the direct and indirect contributions of the men
plines that contribute to a more comprehensive understanding and women physicians/scientists who contributed to the field.
and appreciation of modern-day exercise physiology.
Consistent with previous editions, we believe firmly that the In a Practical Sense. This element in every chapter high-
content domain of exercise physiology must be predicated on lights practical applications that include:
the logical and natural flow of basic knowledge concerning
• Lowering high blood pressure with dietary
nutrient-energy intake, nutrient-energy metabolism, and sys-
intervention: the DASH diet
tems physiology as related to submaximal and maximal
• Leveraging nutrition to prevent chronic athletic fatigue
human movement. Current concepts of energy balance inti- ·
• Predicting VO during pregnancy from
mately link the role of physical inactivity to the “creeping 2max
submaximal exercise heart rate and oxygen
obesity” epidemic that continues to afflict the world’s popula-
consumption
tion. We are encouraged that the medical establishment and
• Predicting energy expenditure during treadmill
governmental agencies have finally acknowledged regular
walking and running
physical activity as an important weapon in the armamentar-
• Determining anaerobic power and capacity: the
ium for prevention and rehabilitation of diverse disease states,
Wingate cycle ergometer test
including obesity.
• Predicting pulmonary function variables in males and
We are gratified with the small part we have played in
females
the education of more than 350,000 undergraduate and gradu-
• Measuring lactate threshold
ate students who have used this text since the publication of
• Blood pressure measurement, classifications, and
the first edition in 1981. A source of great pride for us is that
recommended follow-up
some of the first students enrolled in our own classes that
• Placing electrodes of bipolar and 12-lead ECG
used this text have gone on to earn advanced degrees in the
recordings
same or similar fields. This tradition of textbook adoption has
• Diabetes, hypoglycemia, and exercise
now been passed down to their students, many of whom com-
• Protecting the lower back
prise the next generation of aspiring teachers, exercise spe-
• Assessing heat quality of the environment: how hot is
cialists, and researchers. In fact, one of us (VK) has had the
too hot?
opportunity on three different occasions to teach students
whose parents were former students. We are forever grateful
Focus on Research. Each chapter’s Focus on Research fea-
to our former teachers and mentors for igniting a spark that
tures a key research article from a renowned scientist. These
has not diminished. We hope you will become as excited as
well-designed studies illustrate how “theory comes to life”
we first were (and continue to be) in the science of exercise
through research.
physiology and human performance.
Integrative Questions. Another element in each chapter,
ORGANIZATION “Integrative Questions,” poses open-ended questions to
encourage students to consider complex concepts without a
This seventh edition maintains the same seven-section struc- single “correct” answer.
ture as previous editions, including an introductory section
about the origins of exercise physiology and a concluding Expanded Art Program. The full-color art program contin-
“On the Horizons” section that deals with a maturing effort in ues to be an important feature of the textbook. New figures
exercise physiology to incorporate molecular biology to have been added to enhance the new and updated content.
human performance and the many interrelated aspects of
health and disease. Up-Close and Personal Interviews. The text features nine
contemporary scientists whose important research contribu-
tions and visionary leadership continue the tradition of the
FEATURES
scientists of prior generations—Steven Blair, Frank Booth,
Many features throughout the text are included to engage the Claude Bouchard, David Costill, Barbara Drinkwater, John
student and facilitate learning. These include the following: Holloszy, Loring Rowell, Bengt Saltin, and Charles Tipton.
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viii Preface
These individuals clearly merit recognition, not only for ex- and resistance training on muscle fiber hypertrophy,
panding knowledge through their many scientific contribu- muscular strength, and body composition.
tions, but also for elucidating mechanisms that underlie • Section 5 includes a discussion of the “secret” First
responses and adaptations to exercise and health enhance- Lady Astronaut Trainees (FLATS) program intended
ment. Each person has been placed within a section linked to include highly experienced female aviators for
to his or her main scholarship interests, yet all of them span future space missions, and how that program was
one or more sections in terms of scientific contributions. unceremoniously scuttled because of bureaucratic
Appendix E, which is available online at http://thepoint.lww. cronyism at the highest levels of the early space
com/mkk7e, lists individual honors and awards for each of agency. Also included is an explanation of the long-
these distinguished and meritorious scientist–researchers. The term United States human and robotic program to
intimate insights from the “superstars” should inspire current explore the solar system, starting with a return to the
exercise physiology students to actualize their potential, moon to ultimately enable future exploration of Mars
whether through accomplishments in graduate school, teach- and other destinations, including the new manned
ing, research, or numerous other exciting opportunities to exploration, the Crew Exploration Vehicle(CEV).
achieve excellence. • Section 6 presents the 2009 summary statement of
the American College of Sports Medicine as to the
References and Appendices Available Online. All refer- appropriate physical activity intervention strategies
ences and appendices are available online at http://thepoint. for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for
lww.com/mkk7e. Appendices feature valuable information adults. Also included is a discussion of an apparent
about nutritive values, energy expenditures, metabolic com- anomaly in body proportions in champion swimmer
putations in open-circuit spirometry, and more. Michael Phelps, winner of 8 gold medals in the 2008
Beijing Olympics, related to his use of a controversial
swim suit and swimming speed. This section also an-
NEW TO THE SEVENTH EDITION
alyzes body size (BMI) differences among 1124
Division 1 Big Ten Collegiate offensive and defensive
The flow of information in this edition remains similar to prior
linemen and their teams related to team standings in
editions. Where applicable, figures, tables, and Web sites have
league play. We provide the first presentation on the
been updated and/or expanded to include the most relevant
height and weight, and BMI of professional male tour
current information, including new tabular material and illus-
Professional golfers (n= 33) and Champions Tour
trations to clarify important concepts and information.
players (n= 18) compared to 257 golfers, stratified
byproficiency levels based on handicap index, and
Significant Additions and Modifications to the Text
300,818 Swedish golfers (203,778 men and 97,040
• Section 1 summarizes the current (2009) energy, nu- women) with stratification for age, sex, and socioeco-
trient, and fluid recommendations from the American nomic status. We also include the latest information
Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the about brown adipose tissue in humans, and its role in
American College of Sports Medicine for active metabolism and link to health and disease.
adults and competitive athletes. It also provides an • Section 7 presents an updated section on coronary
expanded discussion of the efficacy and health bene- heart disease. Our final chapter discusses the new
fits of routinely consuming vitamin and mineral sup- molecular exercise physiology program at the
plements versus obtaining these micronutrients in the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, where the MSc
foods of a well-balanced diet. program, including Diploma and Certificate pro-
• In Section 2, we have included the latest information grams, offers courses in a new subfield in sports sci-
regarding the energy yield from the catabolism of the ence that focuses on genetics and signal transduction
different macronutrients and we have rewritten sev- related to exercise. Current statistics reveal the impact
eral of the sections to increase clarity and specificity. of molecular biology-related research on different
• We have expanded our discussion of the increasing fields of science. For example, searching on the terms
incidence of hypertension with age in Section 3, muscle and genes increased from 502 in 2001 to over
along with lifestyle choices to lower blood pressure. 58,000 at the start of 2009! We also highlight
• In Section 4, we present a research-based alternative Darwin’s monumental contributions in evolutionary
method to estimate maximal heart rate from chrono- theory. A new feature of this final chapter links to the
logical age for adults. Additionally, we present the LWW website and includes (1) readings related to
latest information regarding sling exercise training as molecular biology and genetics, twins, and human
a means of muscle activation and overload that is performance; (2) reference to excellent texts that de-
gaining in popularity based on new research about vote hundreds of pages to the intricacies of the mo-
how muscles are activated and contribute to improved lecular biology of gene transcription and protein
movement. We have also expanded our review of the synthesis; (3) articles from Scientific American that
effects of carbohydrate–protein supplement timing concern molecular biology; (4) useful molecular