Exercise physiology for health, fitness and performance

752 Pages·2011·72.397 MB·English

by  Sharon Plowman, Denise Smith

FOR HEALTH, FITNESS, AND PERFORMANCE
Third Edition
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(A-a)PO,diff difference between partial pressure of oxygen feco2 fraction of expired carbon dioxide
in alveoli and arterial blood fraction of expired nitrogen
FEN2
a-vO, diff difference in oxygen content between arterial feo2 fraction of expired oxygen
and venous blood fraction of a gas
Fg
A actin FTco2 fraction of inspired carbon dioxide
ACh acetylcholine f.n2 fraction of inspired nitrogen
ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone FA fraction of inspired oxygen
ADH antidiuretic hormone f frequency
ADL activities of daily living FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide
ADP adenosine diphosphate FEV forced expiratory volume
AI adequate intake FFA free fatty acids
AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome FFB fat-free body mass
AMP adenosine monophosphate FFM fat-free mass
ANS autonomic nervous system FFW fat-free weight
AP action potential FG fast twitch, glycolytic muscle fibers
ATP adenosine triphosphate FI fatigue index
ATP-PC phosphagen system FOG fast twitch, oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers
ATPS atmospheric temperature and pressure, FT fast-twitch muscle fibers
saturated air GAS General Adaptation Syndrome
AY atrioventricular GH grownh hormone
BCAA branched chain amino acids GLUT-1 non-insulin regulated glucose transporter
BF body fat GLUT-4 insulin regulated glucose transporter
BMC bone mineral content GTO Golgi tendon organ
BMD bone mineral density Hb hemoglobin
BAD body mass index HbO, oxyhemoglobin
BMR basal metabolic rate HDL high-density lipoprotein
BP blood pressure HIV human immunosupression 'virus
BTPS body temperature and pressure, saturated air HR heart rate
BW body weight HRmax maximal heart rate
CAD coronary artery disease HRR heart rate reserve
CHD coronary heart disease HT height
CHO carbohydrate ICD isocitrate dehydrogenase
CNS central nervous system ICP isovolumetric contraction period
CP creatine phosphate IRP isovolumetric relaxation period
CR-10 category ratio scale of perceived exertion LA lactic acid/glycolvtic system
density of the body LBM lean body mass
Db
Dw density of water LBP low back pain
DBP diastolic blood pressure LDL low-density lipoprotein
DOMS delayed-onset muscle soreness LSD long, slow' distance
DRI daily reference intake LT lactate threshold
DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ma mass of the body in air
E epinephrine Mw mass of the body underwater
ECG electrocardiogram M myosin
EDV end-diastolic volume MAOD maximal accumulated oxygen deficit
EF ejection fraction MAP mean arterial pressure
EIAH exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia MCT1 extracellular and intracellular monocarboxy-
EMG electromyogram late lactate transporter
EPOC excess postexercise oxygen consumption MCT4 extracellular monocarboxylate lactate
ERT estrogen replacement therapy transporter
ESV end systolic volume MET metabolic equivalent
ETS electron transport system MLSS maximal lactate steady state
MP mean power STPD standard temperature and pressure, dry air
MVC maximal voluntary contraction SV stroke volume
MW maximal voluntary ventilation T temperature
NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Tamb ambient temperature
NE norepinephrine TC total cholesterol
NK natural killer Tco core temperature
NKCA natural killer cell activity TEF thermic effect of feeding
NMJ neuromuscular junction TEM thermic effect of a meal
NMS neuromuscular spindle TExHR target exercise heart rate
NT neurotransmitter TExV02 target exercise oxygen consumption
OBLA onset of blood lactate accumulation TG triglycerides
OP oxidative phosphorylation TLC total lung capacity
OTS overtraining syndrome TPR total peripheral resistance
PA pressure in the alveoli T rectal temperature
pAco2 re
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli Tk skin temperature
pao2 partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli T tympanic temperature
PB barometric pressure UtRymT I upper respiratory tract infection
PG partial pressure of a gas
vA alveolar ventilation
P inorganic phosphate
t Yd volume of dead space
P pressure
volume of expired air
PaC02 partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial VE
Yg volume of a gas
blood V, volume of inspired air
Pa02 partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
Yt tidal volume
PC phosphocreatine V volume per unit of time
pco2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide V volume
PFK phosphofructokinase VAT visceral adipose tissue
PH hydrogen ion concentration
VC vital capacity
pn2 partial pressure of nitrogen vco2
volume of carbon dioxide produced
PNI proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation VEP ventricular ejection period
PNS peripheral nervous system
VFP ventricular filling period
po2 partial pressure of oxygen
VLDL very low density lipoproteinn
PP peak power
Y°2 volume of oxygen consumed
PRO protein
y02max maximal volume of oxygen consumed
Pv02 partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood
V02peak peak volume of oxygen consumed
PvC02 partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous
vo2r oxygen consumption reserve
blood
VT ventilatory threshold
Q cardiac output
vV 02max velocity at maximal oxygen consumption
R a rate of appearance YV/H waist-to-hip ratio
R, rate of disappearance
WBC white blood cells
R resistance
WT weight
RBC red blood cells
RDA recommended daily allowance
RER respiratory exchange ratio
RI1 relative humidity
RHR resting heart rate ICON IDENTIFICATION GUIDE
RM repetition maximum
RMR resting metabolic rate Short-term, light to moderate subrnaximal aerobic
ROM range of motion
RPE rating of perceived exertion
Long-term, moderate to heavy subrnaximal aerobic
RPP rate pressure product
RQ respiratory quotient
RV residual volume Incremental aerobic to maximum
Sa02% percent saturation of arterial blood with
oxygen
Static
Sb02% percent saturation of blood with oxygen
Sv02% percent saturation of venous blood with oxygen
SBP systolic blood pressure Dynamic resistance
SO slow, oxidative muscle fibers
SR sarcoplasmic reticulum
SSC stretch shortening cycle Very short-term, high intensity anaerobic exercise
ST slow-twiteh muscle fibers
FOR HEALTH, FITNESS, AND PERFORMANCE
Third Edition
Sharon A. Plowman
Northern Illinois University
Denise L. Smith
Skidmore College
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Plowman, Sharon A.
Exercise physiology for health, fitness, and performance / Sharon A. Plowman, Denise L. Smith.—3rd ed.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7817-7976-0
1. Exercise—Physiological aspects. I. Smith, Denise L. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Exercise—physiology. WE 103 P732e 2011]
QP301.P585 2011
612’.044—dc22
2009045051
DISCLAIMER
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practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any
consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this
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To our teachers and students,
past, present, and future:
sometimes one and the same.
Sharon A. Plowman earned her PhD at the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign under the tutelage of
Dr T. K. Cureton Jr. She is a professor emeritus in the
Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education at
Northern Illinois University. Dr Plowman taught for Denise L. Smith is a professor of health and exercise
36 years, including classes in exercise physiology, stress sciences and Class of 1961 Chair at Skidmore College.
testing, and exercise bioenergetics. She has published With a PhD in kinesiology and specialization in exercise
over 70 scientific and research articles in the field as well physiology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-
as numerous applied articles on physical fitness with an Champaign, Dr Smith has taught for nearly 20 years,
emphasis on females and children in such journals as including classes in anatomy and physiology, cardiorespira¬
ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal; Annals of Nutrition and tory aspects of human performance, neuromuscular aspects
Metabolism; Human Biology; Medicine and Science in Sports & of human performance, and research design. Her research
Exercise; Pediatric Exercise Science; and Research Quarterly is focused on the cardiovascular strain associated with heat
for Exercise and Sport. She is a coauthor of the Dictionary stress, particularly as it relates to vascular and coagulatory
of the Sport and Exercise Sciences (Anshel, M. H., ed., 1991) functions. She has published her research findings in such
and has published several chapters in other books. journals as American Journal of Cardiology; Aviation, Space
Dr Plowman is a fellow emeritus of the American and Environmental Medicine; Ergonomics; European Journal
College of Sports Medicine, and she served on the board of of Applied Physiology; Journal of Applied Physiology; Journal of
trustees of that organization from 1980 to 1983. In 1992, Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation; and Medicine and Science in
she was elected an active fellow by the American Academy Sports & Exercise.
of Kinesiology and Physical Education. She serves on the Dr Smith is a fellow in the American College of
advisory council for FITNESSGRAM®. The American Alli¬ Sports Medicine and has served as secretary for the Occu¬
ance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance pational Physiology Interest Group and as a member of
(AAHPERD) recognized her with the Mable Lee Award the National Strategic Health Initiative Committee. She
in 1976 and the Physical Fitness Council Award in 1994. has also served on the executive board and as an officer
Dr Plowman received the Excellence in Teaching Award for the Mid-Atlantic Regional Chapter of ACSM. She is
(at Northern Illinois University at the department level in also a research scientist at the University of Illinois Fire
1974 and 1975 and at the university level in 1975) and the Service Institute at Urbana-Champaign.
Distinguished Alumni Award from the Department of Kine¬
siology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
in 1996. In 2006, the President’s Council on Physical Fit¬
ness and Sports presented her with their honor award in
recognition of her contributions made to the advancement
and promotion of the science of physical activity.
The third edition of Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, but in a way that is not bound by those traditions. Instead
and Performance builds upon and expands the strength of of proceeding from a unit of basic science, through units
the first two editions. The purpose for the third edition, of apphed science, to a final unit of special populations or
however, remains unchanged from that of the first two situation (which can lead to the false sense that scientific
editions. That is, the goal is to present concepts in a clear theories and applications can and should be separated),
and comprehensive way that will allow students to apply we have chosen a completely integrative approach to
the principles of exercise physiology in the widest variety make the connection between basic theories and applied
of possible work situations. The primary audience is kine¬ concepts, both strong and logical.
siology, exercise science, coaching, and physical educa¬
tion majors and minors, including students in traditional
teaching preparation programs and students in exercise FLEXIBLE ORGANIZATION
and sport science tracts where the goal is to prepare for
careers in exercise science, fitness, rehabilitation, athletic The text begins with an introductory chapter: The
training, or allied health professions. Warm-Up. This chapter is intended to prepare the
As with other textbooks in the field, a great deal of student for the chapters that follow. It explains the text
information is presented. Most of the information has organization, provides an overview of exercise physiol¬
been summarized and conceptualized based on research. ogy, and establishes the basic terminology and concepts
However, we have occasionally included specific research that will be covered in each unit. Paying close attention
studies to illustrate certain points, believing that stu¬ to this chapter wall help the student when studving the
dents need to develop an appreciation for research and ensuing chapters.
the constancy of change that research precipitates. Focus Four major units follow: Metabolic system, Cardio¬
on Research boxes have been continued in this edition vascular-Respiratory system, Neuromuscular-Skeletal
and now include some that are labeled as Clinically Rel¬ system, and Neuroendocrine-Immune system. Although
evant. In these situations, the term “clinically” has been the units are presented in this order, each unit is intended
defined in the broadest sense as the type of situation that to stand alone and has been written in such a wray that
students of exercise physiology might find themselves in it may be taught before or after each of the other three.
during an internship situation or eventual employment. Figure 1.1 depicts the circular integration of the units.
All Focus on Research boxes highlight important classic Unit openers and graphics throughout the text reinforce
or new, basic and applied studies in exercise physiology, as this concept.
well as relevant experimental design considerations.
All chapters are thoroughly referenced and a com¬
plete list of references, in scientific format, is provided at CONSISTENT SEQUENCE
the end of each chapter. These references should prove to
OF PRESENTATION
be a useful resource for students to explore topics in more
detail for laboratory reports or term projects.
To lay a solid pedagogical foundation, the chapters in
The body of knowledge in exercise physiology is
each unit follow a consistent sequence of presentation:
extensive and growing every day. Each individual faculty
basic anatomy and physiology; the measurement and
member must determine what is essential for his or her
meaning of variables important to understanding exer¬
students. To this end, we have tried to allow for choice
cise physiology; exercise responses; training principles
and flexibility, particularly in the organization of the con¬
and adaptations; and special applications, problems, and
tent of the book.
considerations.
A UNIQUE INTEGRATIVE APPROACH Basic Sciences
The intent of this textbook is to present the body of It is assumed that the students using this text will have
knowledge based on the traditions of exercise physiology had a basic course in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, and
Preface
math. However, sufficient information is presented in the COMPLETE INTEGRATION OF AGE
basic chapters to provide a background for what follows if GROUPS AND SEXES
this is not the case. For those students with a broad back¬
ground, the basic chapters can serve as a review; for those A major departure from tradition in the organization of
students who do not need dais review, the basic chapters this text is the complete integration of information rel¬
can be de-enaphasized. evant to all age groups and both sexes. In the past, there
was good reason to describe evidence and derive concepts
Measurement based on information from male college students and elite
male athletes. These were the samples of the population
The inclusion of the measurement sections serves two most involved in physical activity and sport, and they were
purposes—to identify how the variables most frequently the groups most frequently studied. As more women, chil¬
used in exercise physiology are obtained and to contrast dren, and older adults began participating in sport and
criterion or laboratory test results with field test results.
fitness programs, information became available on these
Criterion or laboratory results are essential for the accu¬
groups. Chapters on women, children/adolescents, and
rate determination and understanding of the exercise
the elderly were added to the back of exercise physiology
responses and training adaptations, but field test results
texts as supplemental material. However, most physical
are often the only items available to the professional in
education, kinesiology, and exercise science professionals
school or health club settings.
will be dealing with both males and females, children and
adolescents in school settings, average middle-aged adults
Exercise Responses and Training
in health clubs or fitness centers, and older adults in special
Adaptations programs. Very few will be dealing strictly with college-
aged students, and fewer still will work with elite athletes.
The chapters or sections on exercise responses and This does not mean that information based on young adult
training adaptations present the definitive and core males has been excluded or even de-emphasized. However,
information for exercise physiology. Exercise response it does mean that it is time to move coverage of the groups
chapters are organized by exercise modality and inten¬ that make up most of the population from the back of the
sity. Specifically, physiological responses to the follow¬ book and integrate information about males and females at
ing six categories of exercise (based on the duration, various ages throughout the text.
intensity, and type of muscle contraction) are presented
when sufficient data are available: (1) short-term, light
PEDAGOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
to moderate submaximal aerobic exercise; (2) long¬
term, moderate to heavy submaximal aerobic exercise;
Several pedagogical techniques are used in this textbook
(3) incremental aerobic exercise to maximum; (4) static
to facilitate mastery of the information. These techniques
exercise; (5) dynamic resistance exercise; and (6) very
include a list of learning objectives at the beginning of each
short-term, high-intensity anaerobic exercise. Train¬
chapter as well as a chapter summary, review questions, and
ing principles for the prescription of exercise are pre¬
references at the end of each chapter. Another pedagogical
sented for each physical fitness component: aerobic and
aid is the use of a running glossary. Terms are highlighted in
anaerobic metabolism, body composition, cardiovascu¬
Definition boxes as they are introduced and are boldfaced
lar endurance, muscular strength and endurance, and
and defined in the text where they first appear to emphasize
flexibility and balance. These principles are followed
the context in which they are used. A Glossary is included
by the training adaptations that will result from a well-
in the back matter of the book for easy reference. Additional
prescribed training program.
important technical terms with which students should be
familiar are italicized in the text to emphasize their impor¬
Special Applications
tance. Because so many are used, a complete fist of com¬
monly used symbols and abbreviations with their meanings
The special applications chapters always relate the unit
is printed on the front endpapers of the text for quick and
topic to health-related fitness and then deal with such
easy reference. Each chapter contains a multitude of tables,
diverse topics as altitude and thermoregulation (Cardio¬
charts, diagrams, and photographs to underscore the peda¬
vascular-Respiratory Unit); making weight and eating
gogy and enhance the visual appeal of the text.
disorders (Metabolic Unit); muscle fatigue and soreness
(Neuromuscular-Skeletal Unit); and overreaching/over¬
training syndrome (Neuroendocrine-Immune Unit). UNIQUE COLOR CODING
Focus on Application and Focus on Application—
Clinically Relevant boxes emphasize how research and A unique aspect of the graphs is color coding, which
underlying exercise physiology principles are relevant to allows for quick recognition of the condition represented.
the practitioner. For exercise response patterns, each of the six exercise