Exercise for Health and Disease: Time to Move Ahead

89 Pages·2017·5.94 MB·English

BioMed Research International
Exercise for Health and Disease: Time
to Move Ahead
Lead Guest Editor: Paulo Gentil
Guest Editors: Fabricio B. Del Vecchio and James Steele
Exercise for Health and Disease:
Time to Move Ahead
BioMed Research International
Exercise for Health and Disease:
Time to Move Ahead
Lead Guest Editor: Paulo Gentil
Guest Editors: James Steele
Copyright©2017Hindawi.Allrightsreserved.
Thisisaspecialissuepublishedin“BioMedResearchInternational.”AllarticlesareopenaccessarticlesdistributedundertheCreative
CommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginal
workisproperlycited.
Contents
ExerciseforHealthandDisease:TimetoMoveAhead
PauloGentil,FabrícioBoscoloDelVecchio,andJamesSteele
Volume2017,ArticleID1460262,2pages
IntelligentPhysicalExerciseTraininginaWorkplaceSettingImprovesMuscleStrengthand
MusculoskeletalPain:ARandomizedControlledTrial
TinaDalager,JustBendixJustesen,andGiselaSjøgaard
Volume2017,ArticleID7914134,9pages
ChronicEffectsofResistanceTrainingin BreastCancerSurvivors
WandersonDivinoNilodosSantos,PauloGentil,RafaelFelipedeMoraes, JoãoBatistaFerreiraJúnior,
MárioHeblingCampos,ClaudioAndreBarbosadeLira,RuffoFreitasJúnior,MartimBottaro,
andCarlosAlexandreVieira
Volume2017,ArticleID8367803,18pages
RealWorldEvidence:AQuantitativeandQualitativeGlanceatParticipantFeedbackfroma
Free-ResponseSurveyInvestigatingExperiencesofaStructuredExerciseInterventionforMenwith
ProstateCancer
L.Fox,F.Cahill,C.Burgess,N.Peat,S.Rudman,J.Kinsella,D.Cahill,G.George,A.Santaolalla,
andM.VanHemelrijck
Volume2017,ArticleID3507124,10pages
TheEffectsof6MonthsofProgressiveHighEffortResistanceTrainingMethodsuponStrength,Body
Composition,Function,andWellbeingofElderlyAdults
JamesSteele,KristinRaubold,WolfgangKemmler,JamesFisher,PauloGentil,andJürgenGiessing
Volume2017,ArticleID2541090,14pages
EffectsofanIntensiveLifestyleInterventiontoTreatOverweight/ObeseChildrenandAdolescents
ClaudiaRanucci,RobertoPippi,LiviaBuratta,CristinaAiello,VincenzaGianfredi,
NataliaPiana,ElisaReginato,AlbertoTirimagni,EmanueleChiodini,EmiliaSbromaTomaro,AlessioGili,
PierpaoloDeFeo,CarmineFanelli,andClaudiaMazzeschi
Volume2017,ArticleID8573725,11pages
ProteinSupplementationtoAugmenttheEffectsofHighIntensityResistanceTraininginUntrained
Middle-AgedMales:TheRandomizedControlledPUSHTrial
AndreasWittke,SimonvonStengel,MichaelHettchen,
MichaelFröhlich,JürgenGiessing,MichaelLell,MichaelScharf,
MichaelBebenek,MatthiasKohl,andWolfgangKemmler
Volume2017,ArticleID3619398,11pages
DifferentTypesofPhysicalActivityandFitnessandHealthinAdults:An18-YearLongitudinalStudy
SteffenC.E.Schmidt,SusanneTittlbach,KlausBös,andAlexanderWoll
Volume2017,ArticleID1785217,10pages
Hindawi
BioMed Research International
Volume 2017, Article ID 1460262, 2 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1460262
Editorial
Exercise for Health and Disease: Time to Move Ahead
PauloGentil,1FabrícioBoscoloDelVecchio,2andJamesSteele3
1FaculdadedeEduca¸ca˜oF´ısicaeDan¸ca,UniversidadeFederaldeGoia´s,Goiaˆnia,GO,Brazil
2EscolaSuperiordeEduca¸ca˜oF´ısica,UniversidadeFederaldePelotas,Pelotas,RS,Brazil
3SchoolofSport,Health,andSocialSciences,SouthamptonSolentUniversity,Southampton,UK
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoPauloGentil;[email protected]
Received 20 July 2017; Accepted 24 July 2017; Published 21 August 2017
Copyright©2017PauloGentiletal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Wearepleasedtopresentthisspecialissue.Aswenotedin aspects of the relationship between exercise, health, and
ourcallforpapersforthisspecialissue, disease.Herewepresentsevenarticleswhichhaveconsidered
varied exercise approaches across a range of populations,
the volume of exercise science research increases
bothhealthyanddiseased,andinvariedcontexts.
every year; however, it is disappointing to note
Contributions from A. Wittke et al., W. D. N. Santos et
thatexerciseprescriptionhascontinuedtofollow
al., and J. Steele et al. have considered applications of resis-
the same guidelines for many decades. Have we
tance training exercise in both healthy (middle-aged males
notuncoveredanynewfindingsthatwouldmake
and elderly adults) and diseased populations (breast cancer
exerciseprescriptionmoreefficientandovercome
survivors).Theyhaveprovidedinsightintotheapplicationsof
many ofthepurportedbarrierstoparticipation?
resistancetraining(applicationofprogressivehigheffort),its
Istherenoevidencetohelphealthprofessionalsto
effects in combination with supplementation (protein), and
adequatelychooseanddesignexerciseprogramfor
both the positive outcomes and risk of adverse effects in a
specificoutcomes?
clinicalpopulation(breastcancersurvivors).
Physicalinactivityisconsideredoneofthemostimpor- Work from C. Ranucci et al., T. Dalager et al., and
tant public health problems of the 21st century [1]. Indeed, L. Fox et al. have also offered insights into “real world”
mortality due to physical inactivity is as high as tobacco multidisciplinary approaches to exercise. C. Ranucci et al.
smoking [2]. The failure to reach minimal amounts of reportthepositiveeffectsofafamily-basedmultidisciplinary
physical activity decreases life expectancy by 3–5 years [3] approach to improving health status, nutrition habits, and
and increases the risk of cancer, heart disease, stroke, and physical performance in overweight and obese children or
diabetes up to 30% [3, 4]. Despite its effect in prevention, adolescents. T. Dalager et al. showed the implementation
exercisehasalsoanimportantroleintreatingdiseases,being of “Intelligent Physical Exercise Training” compared with
considered as a polypill, due its wide positive effects [5]. moderate intensity physical activity on a workplace setting
Regularpracticeofexercisecontributestobodymasscontrol, upon musculoskeletal health. Further, L. Fox et al. provide
improvement in muscle health, and reduction on body fat important “real world evidence” on quantitative and quali-
percentage. Nevertheless, the prevalence of sedentarism is tativedatafeedbackfrommenwithprostatecancerwhohad
alarming [6] and the percentage of overweight and obese undergoneastructuredexerciseintervention.
peopleisincreasing[7]. Lastly,S.C.E.Schmidtetal.reportontheresultsofan
It is important to recognize that the positive effects of important 18-year longitudinal study examining the effects
exercise are null if people do not engage with it and if the ofphysicalactivitytypes,fitness,andhealthinadults.They
programsengagedwithdonotproduceimprovementsinthe report key findings regarding the role of type of physical
desired outcomes [8, 9]. In this sense, we expect that this activity upon fitness and health, as well as the impact of
specialissuecanimproveourknowledgeconcerningdifferent confoundingsociodemographicfactors.
2 BioMedResearchInternational
We hope that the contributions from authors in this
special issue serve to aid in enhancing specific exercise
prescription in a range of populations and that they also
stimulatefurtherinterestandworkinadvancingourunder-
standingofexerciseinbothhealthanddisease.
PauloGentil
Fabr´ıcioBoscoloDelVecchio
JamesSteele
References
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[3] C.P.Wen,J.P.M.Wai,M.K.Tsaietal.,“Minimumamount
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[4] I.Lee,E.J.Shiroma,F.Lobeloetal.,“Effectofphysicalinactivity
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[5] C. Fiuza-Luces, N. Garatachea, N. A. Berger, and A. Lucia,
“Exerciseistherealpolypill,”Physiology,vol.28,no.5,pp.330–
358,2013.
[6] T.Althoff,R.Sosicˇ,J.L.Hicks,A.C.King,S.L.Delp,andJ.
Leskovec,“Large-scalephysicalactivitydatarevealworldwide
activityinequality,”Nature,vol.547,no.7663,pp.336–339,2017.
[7] G.A.Roth,C.Johnson,A.Abajobiretal.,“Global,regional,and
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2015,”JournaloftheAmericanCollegeofCardiology,vol.70,
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[8] S.J.Dankel,J.P.Loenneke,andP.D.Loprinzi,“Determiningthe
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[9] S.Kodama,K.Saito,S.Tanakaetal.,“Cardiorespiratoryfitness
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Hindawi
BioMed Research International
Volume 2017, Article ID 7914134, 9 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7914134
Clinical Study
Intelligent Physical Exercise Training in a Workplace
Setting Improves Muscle Strength and Musculoskeletal Pain:
A Randomized Controlled Trial
TinaDalager,JustBendixJustesen,andGiselaSjøgaard
DepartmentofSportsScienceandClinicalBiomechanics,UniversityofSouthernDenmark,Odense,Denmark
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoTinaDalager;[email protected]
Received 27 January 2017; Revised 12 May 2017; Accepted 20 June 2017; Published 7 August 2017
AcademicEditor:JamesSteele
Copyright©2017TinaDalageretal.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited.
Purpose.Toassesseffectsof1-yearIntelligentPhysicalExerciseTraining(IPET)onmusculoskeletalhealth.Methods.Officeworkers
wererandomized1:1toatraininggroup,TG(𝑁=193),oracontrolgroup,CG(𝑁=194).TGreceived1hsupervisedhighintensity
IPETeveryweekwithinworkinghoursfor1yearandwasrecommendedtoperform30minofmoderateintensityphysicalactivity
for6daysaweekduringleisure.TheIPETprogramwasbasedonbaselinehealthmeasures.Results.Nobaselinedifferenceswere
present.Anintention-to-treatanalysisshowedsignificantbetween-groupeffectformusclestrengthbutnotformusculoskeletal
pain.However,aper-protocolanalysisofthosewithanadherenceof≥70%demonstratedasignificantbetween-groupeffectforneck
painduringthepastthreemonths.Severalsignificantwithin-groupchangeswerepresent,whereTGandTG≥70%demonstrated
clinically relevant pain reductions whereas minimal reductions were seen for CG. Conclusion. IPET and recommendations of
moderateintensityphysicalactivitydemonstratedsignificantbetween-groupeffectonmusclestrength.Interestingly,significant
within-groupreductionsinmusculoskeletalpainwereseennotonlyinTGbutalsoinCG.Thismayunderliethelackofsuch
between-groupeffectandshowsthatapossiblepositivesideeffectofmerelydrawingattentioncanimprovemusculoskeletalhealth.
1.Introduction is essential to identify strategies that can counteract these
potentialhealthproblems.
Duringthepastdecadesevidencehasemergedthatphysical The workplace has been suggested as a specially priori-
activity and fitness are associated with decreased mortality
tized arena for health promotion, as it provides an oppor-
andpositivehealthoutcomes[1–4].Despitethis,mostadult
tunity to reach a large and diverse population and engage
peopleintheWesternWorldareinsufficientlyactive,thatis,
individualswhomightnototherwisehavetimeand/orface
notmeetingtheinternationalrecommendationsofmoderate
other obstacles to participate in physical activity [11, 12].
tovigorousactivity[5,6].Inaddition,duetoatechnological
Studieshavealreadypinpointedpositiveeffectsofworkplace
evolution we are facing an increased sedentary workforce
interventions promoting health and physical activity on
[1] that is illustrated by the fact that as much as 27% of
improvements in physical fitness as well as reductions in
European workers are sitting all or most of the time of
sickness absenteeism, job stress, and musculoskeletal pain
a workday [7]. Such lifestyle prompts low muscle strength
[10, 13–15]. Strong evidence was found for relieving upper
and cardiorespiratory fitness and has consequences that
amongothersarehighprevalenceofmusculoskeletalpain.In extremity musculoskeletal pain by implementing strength
Europemusculoskeletalpainaccountsforapprox.40%ofall training[16].
occupational diseases and is considered a growing problem As the workplace involves a large and diverse popula-
[8].Thepresenceofmusculoskeletalpainhasbeenassociated tion, not all employees may benefit from the same training
with reduced quality of life for the individual, decreased program. Despite the same occupational exposure, there
productivityandincreasedsicknessabsenceattheworkplace, are individual differences regarding physical capacity and
and economic consequences for the society [8–10]. Thus, it health issues that also need to be accounted for in a health
2 BioMedResearchInternational
promotingphysicalexercisetrainingprogram.Therefore,we 2.2. Subject Recruitment. Office workers who worked≥25h
havedevelopedaphysicalactivityconcepttermedIntelligent per week within an office environment were eligible and
PhysicalExerciseTraining(IPET).Foreachemployeeatthe were invited by e-mail containing a link to an Internet-
workplace, we have designed individually tailored physical based questionnaire regarding working conditions, health
exercisetrainingbybalancingtheoccupationalexposurewith behavior, musculoskeletal pain, and physical activity level.
the individual’s physical capacity and health risk indicators Exclusioncriteriawere(a)cardiovasculardisease,chestpain
[17].Thetrainingregimencombinesvariousformsofphys- duringphysicalexercise,myocardialinfarction(lifetimehis-
ical exercise training to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, tory),stroke,severemusculoskeletaldisorders,symptomatic
individualhealthriskindicators,andmusculoskeletalhealth herniated disc, and other severe disorders of the spine,
basedonrelevantbaselinehealthcheck. postoperativeconditions,orlifetimehistoryofseveretrauma
The aim of the present paper was to investigate effects and (b) pregnancy. Exclusion was based on questionnaire
onmusculoskeletalhealth.Changesinmusclestrengthand repliesandbaselinehealthcheck.Atotalof1.343employees
musculoskeletalpainweremonitoredafteraone-yearinter- were invited; 395 accepted the invitation and were assessed
vention with one weekly hour of supervised high intensity foreligibility.Eightfemaleswereexcludedduetopregnancy
IPET at the workplace combined with recommendationsof and a total of 387 participants were randomized to either
leisure time physical activity. Based on a number of earlier TG (𝑛 = 193) or CG (𝑛 = 194). See Figure1 for flow of
findings[14]wetestedtheone-sidedhypothesesthatmuscle participants.
strength increased and pain decreased with this physical
exercisetrainingintervention. 2.3.Intervention. TheparticipantsinCGreceivednowork-
placephysicalexercisetrainingorotherinformationregard-
2.MaterialsandMethods ing recommended leisure time physical activity but were
encouraged to maintain their lifestyle as usual. The partici-
2.1. Study Design. The present paper presents secondary pantsinTGweretofollowthetraininginterventionthatwas
analysis of a randomized single-blinded parallel controlled basedonthetheoreticalframeworkofIPET.Eachparticipant
trial conducted in Denmark from May 2011 to March 2014. in TG received an individually tailored exercise training
Primaryoutcomeanalysis,one-yearchangeincardiorespira- programbasedonoutcomemeasuresofthebaselinehealth
toryfitness,hasbeenpublishedpreviouslyanddemonstrated, checkandquestionnairedata[17].
forexample,asignificantincreaseinmaximaloxygenuptake In short, the exercise training program was performed
[18].Theprotocolforthisstudyhasbeenpresentedindetail duringworkinghours,atorneartheworkplace.Theprogram
regardingrecruitmentprocedureandoutcomemeasures[17]. lasted one hour a week for 2 years, the first year was fully
In short, office workers were recruited from six different supervised,and,duringthesecondyear,monthlysupervision
companieslocatedacrossDenmark:twoprivatecompanies, ofaweeklytrainingsessionwasprovided.Thepresentpaper
two public municipalities, and two national boards. The onlypresentsone-yeareffects.
enrolment was sequential in six strata from May 2011 to Strength training was included based on measures of
March 2012 with baseline, one-year, and 2-year follow-up baseline muscle strength, balance test, core and neck/
measurements. shoulder stability, and pain intensity in specified body
ParticipantswereassignedanarbitraryIDnumberbyan regions. For each measure, cut-off points were identified to
authorized member of the technical staff to ensure alloca- allocate individual training modes, duration, and intensity
tionconcealment.Whenalltheparticipantshadcompleted [17].
baseline measurements, they were individually randomized Foreachtrainingsession,10minwasallowedforgetting
withineachcompanyusingtheidentificationnumberanda to and from the training area. The first 20min was for all
randomnumbercomputeralgorithm. participants allocated to cardiorespiratory fitness training,
Due to the content of the intervention, physical exer- including10minwarm-up,duetoofficeworkers’sedentary
cise training, participants, instructors supervising the IPET workingcondition.Hereafter,forthelast30mineachpartici-
intervention, and health ambassadors could not be blinded panttrainedhisorherspecificexercisesaccordingtotheindi-
to group allocation. The examiners performing the health vidual training program provided. The individualized IPET
checks were blinded to each participant’s group allocation programswerecomposedfollowingtheguidelinesfromthe
andatfollow-uptesting,theparticipantsweretoldnottotell AmericanCollegeofSportsMedicine[6],aswellasspecific
theexaminersthegrouptowhichtheywereallocated.Alltest strengthtrainingexercisesfortheneckandshoulderregion
personnelandinvestigatorsinvolvedindatatreatmentwere [20,21].Participantsperformed3setsof8repetitionswithan
blindedtotherandomization. intensityof60–80%ofonerepetitionmaximum,thoughfor
All participants were informed about the purpose and neckandshoulderexercisesintensitywastopainlimitsoras
content of the project and gave written informed consent heavy as possible with proper technical execution. In total,
to participate in the study. The study was conducted in 32 individual training programs were developed, of which
accordance with the CONSORT statement [19] and con- ninecoveredmorethan85%oftheparticipants’needs,most
formedtoTheDeclarationofHelsinkiandapprovedbythe ofwhichincludedneck/shoulderstrengthtrainingandextra
LocalEthicalCommitteeofSouthernDenmark(S-20110051). cardiorespiratorytraining.Examplesofexercisesforstrength
The study qualified for registration in ClinicalTrials.gov training were for neck and shoulders: shrugs, reverse flies,
(NCT01366950). 1-armrow,andlateralraise.Forlargemusclegroups:bench
BioMedResearchInternational 3
Assessed for eligibilityN=1.341and accepted participationN=395
Company A: assessedN=116 Accepted participationN=41
Company B: assessedN=223 Accepted participationN=107
Company C: assessedN=469 Accepted participationN=104
Enrollment
Company D: assessedN=196 Accepted participationN=53
Company E: assessedN=195 Accepted participationN=42
Company F: assessedN=142 Accepted participationN=48
Excluded (N=8)
Not meeting inclusion criteria
(pregnancy) (N=8)
RandomizedN=387
Allocation
Allocated to training groupN=193 Allocated to control groupN=194
Follow-up
Lost to follow-upN=63(33%) Lost to follow-upN=64(33%)
(i) Left jobN=36 (i) Left jobN=37
(ii) DismissedN=2 (ii) DismissedN=2
(iii) Lack of motivationN=3 (iii) Lack of motivationN=4
(iv) Did not answer the questionnaireN=22 (iv) Did not answer the questionnaireN=21
Analysis
Analysed ITTN=193 Analysed ITTN=194
Analyzed per protocol (；＞Ｂ？Ｌ？Ｈ＝？≥70%)N=89 Analyzed per protocol N=194
Figure1:Flow-chart,updatedfromSjøgaardetal.2014[17].
press, lunges, squat, and pelvic lift. For low back and core 2.4. Data Collection. All measurements at baseline were
stability:basicandsideplank,backextension,anddiagonal performedbeforetherandomizationandrepeatedafterone
raise. The exercises could vary depending on the available and two years. Besides demographics and information on
equipmentorindividualpreferences,butthechosenexercise weight,height,bodymassindex,andbodyfat%,thefollowing
targetedthespecificmusclegroup.Theinstructor,whowas healthvariablesconstitutedthedataforthepresentpaper.
a sports science based exercise training specialist, assessed
training intensity for each participant at the end of every 2.4.1. Muscle Strength. Maximal isometric muscle strength
training session using the Borg scale (Rating of Perceived was measured with Bofors MODEL dynamometer (Bofors
Exertion(RPE6–20))[22].TargettrainingintensitywasRPE Elektronik, Karlskoga, Sweden) mounted in a reproducible
14–17foreverytrainingsession. standardizedsetupforfourtests:backextension,abdominal
In addition to the workplace intervention, participants flexion,shoulderelevation,andarmabduction[23].Inshort,
inTGwereencouragedbyhealthambassadorstoengagein for back extension and abdominal flexion, the participant
moderatephysicalactivity(64–76%HRmax,RPE12-13)for wasstandinginanuprightposition,withrelaxedarms,and
six days a week during leisure time or a minimum of three withastrapattachedtoastraingaugedynamometeraround
hoursweekly.Healthambassadorswereappointedforevery the shoulders at the level of deltoid insertion. The pelvis
10–15 employees by the company’s middle managers. The wasplacedagainstaplatewiththeupperedgealignedwith
appointedhealthambassadorsparticipatedinthetrainingat theiliaccrest. Theparticipantwasinstructedto tighten the
theworkplacebutwerenotincludedintherandomizedTG. core muscles and with maximal strength bend backward