Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment: From Molecular to Clinical, Part 2 PDF
Preview Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment: From Molecular to Clinical, Part 2
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1000 Junjie Xiao Editor Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment From Molecular to Clinical, Part 2 Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Volume 1000 Editorial Board IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel ABEL LAJTHA, N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA JOHN D. LAMBRIS, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan, Milan, Italy More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5584 Junjie Xiao Editor Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment From Molecular to Clinical, Part 2 Editor Junjie Xiao Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, School of Life Science Shanghai University Shanghai, China ISSN 0065-2598 ISSN 2214-8019 (electronic) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ISBN 978-981-10-4303-1 ISBN 978-981-10-4304-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954329 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 This work is subject to copyright. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents Part I Exercise Benefits the Heart: Clinical Evidence 1 Exercise Benefits Coronary Heart Disease ........................................... 3 Lei Wang, Dongmei Ai, and Ning Zhang 2 Exercise Exerts Its Beneficial Effects on Acute Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Evidence ............................................... 9 Zhuyuan Liu, Huanyu Gu, Qiying Dai, Hongbao Wang, Jianhua Yao, and Lei Zhou 3 Exercise-Based Rehabilitation for Heart Failure: Clinical Evidence ..................................................................................... 31 Rongjing Ding 4 The Benefits of Exercise Training on Aerobic Capacity in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction ....... 51 Danilo Marcelo Leite do Prado and Enéas Antônio Rocco 5 Hypertension and Exercise Training: Evidence from Clinical Studies .............................................................................. 65 Ivana C. Moraes-Silva, Cristiano Teixeira Mostarda, Antonio Carlos Silva- Filho, and Maria Claudia Irigoyen 6 Effects of Exercise on Arrhythmia (and Viceversa): Lesson from the Greek Mythology ........................................................ 85 Caterina Lambiase, Silvia Macerola, Giovanna Bosco, Elisa Messina, and Pasquale Franciosa 7 Exercise and Congenital Heart Disease ................................................ 95 Junnan Wang and Bin Liu 8 The Positive Effects of Exercise in Chemotherapy-Related Cardiomyopathy ...................................................................................... 103 Cavarretta Elena, Mastroiacovo Giorgio, Lupieri Annik, Frati Giacomo, and Peruzzi Mariangela v vi Contents 9 Clinical Evidence of Exercise Benefits for Stroke ................................ 131 Peipei Han, Wen Zhang, Li Kang, Yixuan Ma, Liyuan Fu, Liye Jia, Hairui Yu, Xiaoyu Chen, Lin Hou, Lu Wang, Xing Yu, Masahiro Kohzuki, and Qi Guo 10 Evidence on Exercise Training in Pulmonary Hypertension .............. 153 Abraham Samuel Babu, Ross Arena, and Norman R. Morris 11 Peripheral Vascular Disease: The Beneficial Effect of Exercise in Peripheral Vascular Diseases Based on Clinical Trials ................... 173 Basant M. Elnady and Ayman Saeed Part II Molecular Mechanisms 12 The IGF1-PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway in Mediating Exercise-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Protection ..................... 187 Kate L. Weeks, Bianca C. Bernardo, Jenny Y. Y. Ooi, Natalie L. Patterson, and Julie R. McMullen 13 NO Signaling in the Cardiovascular System and Exercise ................. 211 Tiago Fernandes, Camila V. Gomes-Gatto, Noemy P. Pereira, Yahya R. Alayafi, Vander J. das Neves, and Edilamar M. Oliveira 14 C/EBPB-CITED4 in Exercised Heart ................................................... 247 Shengguang Ding, Tianyi Gan, Meiyi Song, Qiying Dai, Haitao Huang, Yiming Xu, and Chongjun Zhong 15 MicroRNAs Mediate Beneficial Effects of Exercise in Heart ............. 261 Yihua Bei, Lichan Tao, Dragos Cretoiu, Sanda Maria Cretoiu, and Junjie Xiao 16 Exercise Training and Epigenetic Regulation: Multilevel Modification and Regulation of Gene Expression ............. 281 Ursula Paula Renó Soci, Stephano Freitas Soares Melo, João Lucas Penteado Gomes, André Casanova Silveira, Clara Nóbrega, and Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira 17 Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Adaptations in Addressing Heart Failure ................................................................... 323 Jubert Marquez and Jin Han 18 Exosomes Mediate the Beneficial Effects of Exercise .......................... 333 Yangxin Li, Chaoshan Han, Juanjuan Wang, Jin Zhou, Chun Liang, Kasturi Ranganna, and Yao-hua Song Part III Exercise Dosing and Prescription 19 Exercise Dosing and Prescription-Playing It Safe: Dangers and Prescription ...................................................................................... 357 Lei Wang, Dongmei Ai, and Ning Zhang Part I Exercise Benefits the Heart: Clinical Evidence Chapter 1 Exercise Benefits Coronary Heart Disease Lei Wang, Dongmei Ai, and Ning Zhang Abstract Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a group of diseases that include: no symptoms, angina, myocardial infarction, ischemia cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. And it results from multiple risks factors consisting of invariable fac- tors (e.g. age, gender, etc.) and variable factors (e.g. dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, etc.). Meanwhile, CHD could cause impact not only localized in the heart, but also on pulmonary function, whole-body skeletal muscle function, activity ability, psychological status, etc. Nowadays, CHD has been the leading cause of death in the world. However, many clinical researches showed that exercise training plays an important role in cardiac rehabilitation and can bring a lot of ben- efits for CHD patients. Keywords Coronary heart disease • Exercise • Rehabilitation 1 Side-Effect of Lacking Exercise Even for normal people, lacking of exercise can cause many negative consequences. With the atrophy of muscle fibers, the reduction of muscle power and the muscle mass, the oxidation capacity of muscle decrease at the same time. Research showed that with the increase of age every year, oxygen consumption decrease by 0.1MET, indicating that physical fitness level decreases when age increases [1]. Another study showed that oxygen uptake will have a reduction of 0.2 MET for 1-day bed rest, indicating that bed L. Wang (*) Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Second Medical School of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China e-mail: [email protected] D. Ai Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China N. Zhang Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 3 J. Xiao (ed.), Exercise for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1000, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4304-8_1 4 L. Wang et al. rest has a negative effect on cardiovascular function [2]. So, what about CHD patients? Lacking exercise can cause tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension and increased risks of thromboembolism. Elderly patients would have a reduction in muscle groups and physical function. If VO (maximum oxygen uptake) is too low to complete daily 2max activities (the impaired ability to cross street safely, go up the stairs, stand up from chairs or toilet), the quality of life will have a dramatic decline for the elderly. 2 Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Coronary Heart Disease 2.1 Aerobic Exercise Aerobic exercise, the most studied and recommended modality, with a beneficial dose-response effect on prognosis [3, 4, 5], consists of movements of large muscle mass in rhythmic manner for a sustained period. The aerobic exercise includes everyday activity, for instance, active travel (cycling or walking), heavy household work, gardening, occupational activity, leisure time activity, or exercise such as brisk walking, Nordic walking, hiking, jogging or running, cycling, cross-country skiing, aerobic dancing, skating, rowing or swimming. Similar to all other interven- tions, its prescription can be adjusted in terms of frequency, duration and intensity [6]. However, to achieve the most optimized beneficial effect, patients with CHD should get individualized prescription. So, what beneficial effects can aerobic exer- cise bring for CHD? 2.1.1 Improved Heart Functions Aerobic exercise training could increase the diameter and the elasticity of coronary arteries, improve endothelium function to optimize the structure and function of coronary arteries, facilitate the establishment of coronary collateral circulation, compensate adaption of improved blood supply for coronary arteries and stabilize coronary arteries clots. In addition, it can increase blood flow and reduce new patho- logical changes. Study showed that long-term regular aerobic exercise can improve physical function and decrease heart rate, SBP (systolic blood pressure), RPP (heart rate-blood pressure product), myocardial oxygen consumption, and increase the threshold of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia during submaximal exercise [7]. Moreover, aerobic exercise training after MI (myocardial infarction) has also been suggested to improve ventricular function and attenuate ventricular remodeling. Patients with an initial Q-wave MI and a left ventricular ejection fraction <10% in the ELVD (Exercise and Left Ventricular Dysfunction) trial received 6 months of exercise training. There was a resultant increase in both exercise capacity and left ventricular ejection fraction (34–38%) [8].
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