Exercise and Human Reproduction: Induced Fertility Disorders and Possible Therapies PDF
Preview Exercise and Human Reproduction: Induced Fertility Disorders and Possible Therapies
Exercise and Human Reproduction Diana Vaamonde Stefan S. du Plessis • Ashok Agarwal Editors Exercise and Human Reproduction Induced Fertility Disorders and Possible Therapies Editors Diana Vaamonde, PhD Ashok Agarwal, PhD, HCLD (ABB), Department of Morphological Sciences ELD (ACE) University of Cordoba American Center for Reproductive Reproductive Care Center Medicine Gynemed Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cordoba, Spain Cleveland, OH, USA Stefan S. du Plessis, MBA, PhD (Stell) Division of Medical Physiology Department of Biomedical Sciences Stellenbosch University Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa ISBN 978-1-4939-3400-3 ISBN 978-1-4939-3402-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-3402-7 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932003 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illus- trations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are ex- empt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media LLC New York is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword When a female athlete asks you as her physician, or her science teacher, or her coach, or her pharmacist, or her trainer, a seemingly simple set of two questions, like: “Can I continue to compete on my club soccer team and my husband on his while we are trying to get, and how will that affect our odds of getting pregnant?” and “Will prenatal vitamins help for me or for him or for both so we do have a better chance of conceiving a healthy baby?” You might probe with a few more questions, like how often and how intensely your patient and her partner practice and play. You would then think there would be an easy “Googleable source” to find answers. You had most likely be disappointed, until now. Yes, you would probably know that as the frequency and intensity of exercise increases, greater concern and major reactions might cause deleterious effects on somatic growth, pubertal development, and biological maturation. But you would almost certainly lack definitive answers. This book clarifies the questions to ask so that answers to these and many other key questions are clear, and does the most important part of knowing about any field, letting you know where the data are not available and/or are not definitive. For example, the authors of Chap. 17 present the data clearly on the inter- actions between the various components of oral or transdermal contracep- tion and factors influencing exercise performance. But the authors also state clearly where more data are needed to define specifically and with conclu- siveness the impact of specific hormonal contraceptive use and exercise per- formance. Yes, while sports and sex stories and videos are the most read and watched, it is rarer than seeing a 1947 Mercedes two seat convertible with a Spanish license plate on an American highway that practitioners of medicine or of coaching, or even trainers or participants have critical and well-informed conversations about how sex and sport performance relate to fertility and pregnancy outcomes. You want experts in the field to describe the current state of the art and the science, and that is what this book gives you. Whether the most strenuous part of your day is shampooing your hair or galloping 1000 m repeats at dawn and at dusk, this book answers concerns that range from the effects of specific nutrition and meditation on pregnancy rates and outcomes of oral contraceptive and anabolic steroid use you should have v vi Foreword for your own well-being, and for the practitioners ask casual or concentrated questions. No matter who you are (and whether you know definitively that “who” should be a “whom” or a “who”), your physical activities and nutri- tional patterns affect your sex hormones and physiology. And for those most at risk of disturbing their reproductive health—those who exercise the most, the least, or with abetting from steroids—mastering the distinctions between beneficial and harmful levels of activity and nutrient intake is critical. Making sure you or your patients mechanics are primed for healthy baby making is simply one aspect, if a significant one, of exercise for both fitness and health (these are not the same, as the book differentiates). Bone health, nutrient availability, endocrine function, metabolism, mental well-being, and physical exercise intensity all interact—and the key knowledge about and parts of those complex interactions are described with enviable clarity in this book. And by the way, for the practitioner or the coach, or player, it is indis- pensable in guiding answers about exercise and fertility in both men and women—if you would read the chapter on that very subject about chances of getting pregnant while competing in this book, you might know to ask a few more questions to help define your answers to the questions posed at the start of this foreword. Whether you want just more information to advise your patients, or even your daughter, son, or yourself, or are a major researcher in the field, this book lets you know how to advise based on the current state of that area of this field. Yes, now there is a complete guide coupled with Physiologic Reference Manual, and you are reading from it. This book is unparalleled, unequalled, and indispensable for all touching others in any of the areas that affect the mix of sex and sport. Chief Wellness Officer, The Cleveland Clinic Gorman Family Chair Holder and Chair of the Wellness Institute at the Cleveland Clinic Author of Four #1 NY Times Best Sellers, including RealAge: Are You As Young As You Can Be? and YOU: The Owner’s Manual. Michael F. Roizen MD Preface The etiologies of human reproductive disorders are fairly well known; yet, there are still many instances in which infertility is classified as idiopathic. This simply means that the cause behind the problem is unknown. There is growing evidence that physical exercise and sports practice may affect repro- duction which may be the unknown factor in certain infertility cases. With this first-of-a-kind textbook, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the interaction between exercise and human reproduction, how exercise can have a positive or negative impact on male and female fertil- ity with specific emphasis on the mechanisms that may lead to such effects. This textbook, which consists of 20 different yet interrelated themed topics, is intended to provide the reader with a meaningful and comprehensive review of the biological processes related to sports practice and how they interact with the reproductive function. The content covers the fundamental principles of human reproductive potential, sports physiology, the interac- tion between physical exercise and the endocrine and reproductive systems, associated nutritional aspects and possible strategies to avoid the potential harm of exercise on human reproduction. Each chapter was written by inter- nationally recognized scientists and clinicians, making the text ideal for those seeking to increase their general knowledge in the field. We trust that this book will have a broad and global appeal and be used not only as a reference for basic scientists, in the fields of sports medicine and reproductive medicine; but may also act as a guideline for physicians, physiologists, coaches, and professionals in the sports-human reproduction fields. Moreover, we anticipate that it may be an invaluable tool for multidis- ciplinary research teams since it brings together knowledge from a multitude of fields desiring that future research gaps and flaws will be diminished. We want to thank all of the contributing authors for their inputs and are especially grateful to Michael D. Sova (developmental editor) and Kristopher Spring (executive editor) for their tireless efforts in reviewing and editing each manuscript. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Cor- doba (Spain), the Division of Medical Physiology at Stellenbosch University (South Africa) and the American Center for Reproductive Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic (USA) for their institutional support. Finally, we want to express our gratitude toward our families for their support and patience in allowing us to complete this book. vii viii Preface Cordoba, Spain Diana Vaamonde Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa Stefan S. du Plessis Cleveland, OH, USA Ashok Agarwal Contents 1 Overview of the Male Reproductive System.................................. 1 Luis Jiménez-Reina, Pieter Johann Maartens, Ignacio Jimena-Medina, Ashok Agarwal and Stefan S. du Plessis 2 Overview of the Female Reproductive System .............................. 19 Juan Andrés Ramírez-González, Ricardo Vaamonde-Lemos, Joao Sabino Cunha-Filho, Alex C. Varghese and R. James Swanson 3 Overview of Fertilization, Gestation, and Parturition ................. 47 Sergio Oehninger, R. James Swanson and Roberto Matorras 4 Conceptual and Terminological Foundations for the Sciences of Physical Exercise: New Perspectives .............. 69 Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto and Juan Ramón Heredia Elvar 5 Sports Physiology and Endocrinology (Endurance vs. Resistance Exercise) ......................................................................... 75 Anthony C. Hackney and Mehis Viru 6 General Adaptations to Exercise: Acute Versus Chronic and Strength Versus Endurance Training ..................................... 93 Michael I. Lambert 7 Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on Male Reproductive Potential: Semen Alterations ......................... 101 Diana Vaamonde, Ashok Agarwal, Stefan S. du Plessis, Carolina Algar-Santacruz and Thinus Frans Kruger 8 Hormonal Changes Associated with Physical Activity and Exercise Training ............................................................................. 125 Anthony C. Hackney, William J. Kraemer and David R. Hooper 9 Common Male Reproductive Tract Pathologies Associated with Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport ................ 145 Amy R. Lane, Alberto Da Costa Stein and Vanessa Krebs Genro ix x Contents 10 C onsequences of the Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids for Male Athletes’ Fertility ............................................. 153 Juan Manuel García-Manso and Teresa Valverde Esteve 11 Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on Female Reproductive Potential ..................................................... 167 Rebecca J. Mallinson, Jenna C. Gibbs and Mary Jane De Souza 12 H ormonal and Reproductive Changes Associated with Physical Activity and Exercise .............................................. 187 Jenna C. Gibbs, Rebecca J. Mallinson and Mary Jane De Souza 13 R isk Biotypes and the Female Athlete Triad ............................... 209 Kathryn E. Ackerman, Maria de Lourdes Eguiguren and Michelle Barrack 14 C onsequences of the Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids on Female Athletes’ Fertility .......................................... 229 Juan Manuel García-Manso and Teresa Valverde Esteve 15 I mpact of Intense Physical Activity on Puberty and Reproductive Potential of Young Athletes ............. 239 Neoklis A. Georgopoulos and Nikolaos D. Roupas 16 P hysical Activity and Pregnancy .................................................. 253 Sarah J. Moss, Andries Fourie van Oort and Yves Schutz 17 I mpact of Combined Oral Contraceptive Use on Exercise and Health in Female Athletes .......................... 287 Heather C. M. Allaway, Rebecca J. Mallinson and Mary Jane De Souza 18 O xidative Stress and Infertility: A Possible Link to Exercise .... 303 Pieter Johann Maartens, Jason Peng, Ashok Agarwal, Diana Vaamonde and Stefan S. du Plessis 19 N utritional Deficiencies and Impairment of Fertility in Athletes .................................................................... 317 Juan Marcelo Fernández 20 N utritional Strategies to Reduce Potential Fertility Problems Induced by Exercise. Nutritional and Exercise Strategies to Improve Fertility Disorders .......................................................... 331 Diana Vaamonde, Juan Marcelo Fernández, Carolina Algar-Santacruz and Juan Manuel García-Manso Index ........................................................................................................ 349
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