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A project of Volunteers in Asia by: E.G. Wagner and JON. Lanoix Published by: d Health Organization CH4211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Pager copies are $17.00. Available from; world Health Organization Distribution and Sales Service CH-1211 Geneva 27 Switzerland Reproduced by permission of the World Health Organization. Reproduction of this microfiche document in any form is subject to the same restrictions as those of the original document. ! i EXC TA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL COMMUNITIES .E. 6 WAGNER J, N. LANOIX L- World Health Organization Geneva I958 EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL COMMUNlTlES EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL COMMUNITIES EDMUND G. WAGNER J. N. LANOIX WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA r958 Authors alone are responsible For views expressed in the Monograph Series of the world Health cJrga&alsoa. ’ The menth of specific companies or of certain manufacturxs’ products does not imply that they are eudorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in prrlhwcle to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned. Proprietary names are d&in by initial capital letters. I PRJNTED IN SWITZERLAND CONTENTS Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tustc CoNStDERATtoNS Public health importance of excreta disposal . l . ‘ . . . . . L L . . . Social and psychological implications of rural sanitation progammes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THE PRIVY’ METHOD QP EXCRETA DM43SAL Factors influencing privy design . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evaluation and selection of various excreta disposal systems The pit privy . . . . The aqua privy . . . TIE water-sea4 hmine The bored-hole latrine The bucket latrine . . The f&11&s or trench The overhung Iatrine . The compost privy . The chemical toilet . ................. ................. ................. .............. ..‘. ................. latrine ............. ................. ................. ................. WA’IER-URRJED METHODS OF EXCRETA DlSPQSAL FOR RWRAL AREAS Some problems in the disposal of water-borne The septic tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The disposal of eihent. . . . . . . . . . . wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . * . . EXCRETA DZSPOSAL PROGRAMMES FOR RURAL AREAS The planning of excreta disposal programmes ...... 156 Training and function of the sanitation staff ....... 165 Annex 1. Education and training of sanitarians ..... 175 Annex 2. List of reviewers ............... 177 References ...................... 181 INDEX ........................ 185 Page 7 9 17 25 38 42 76 87 9s 103 Ill 114 115 119 121 125 138