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® Excel Formulas & Functions 6th Edition by Ken Bluttman Excel® Formulas & Functions For Dummies®, 6th Edition Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com Copyright © 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2021948499 ISBN 978-1-119-83911-8 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-83912-5 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-83913-2 (ebk) Contents at a Glance Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Excel® Formulas & Functions Part 1: Getting Started with Excel Formulas and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 CHAPTER 1: Tapping Into Formula and Function Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 CHAPTER 2: Saving Time with Function Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 CHAPTER 3: Saying “Array!” for Formulas and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 CHAPTER 4: Fixing Formula Boo-Boos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Part 2: Doing the Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 CHAPTER 5: Calculating Loan Payments and Interest Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 CHAPTER 6: Appreciating What You’ll Get, Depreciating What You’ve Got . . . . . . . . 105 CHAPTER 7: Using Basic Math Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 CHAPTER 8: Advancing Your Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Part 3: Solving with Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 CHAPTER 9: Throwing Statistics a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 CHAPTER 10: Using Significance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 CHAPTER 11: Rolling the Dice on Predictions and Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Part 4: Dancing with Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 CHAPTER 12: Dressing Up for Date Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 CHAPTER 13: Keeping Well-Timed Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 CHAPTER 14: Using Lookup, Logical, and Reference Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 CHAPTER 15: Digging Up the Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 CHAPTER 16: Writing Home about Text Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 CHAPTER 17: Playing Records with Database Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Part 5: The Part of Tens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 CHAPTER 18: Ten Tips for Working with Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 CHAPTER 19: Ten Ways to Get Fancy with Excel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 CHAPTER 20: Ten Really Cool Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 About This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Foolish Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Icons Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Beyond the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PART 1: GETTING STARTED WITH EXCEL FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Tapping Into Formula and Function CHAPTER 1: Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Working with Excel Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Understanding workbooks and worksheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Introducing the Formulas tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Working with rows, columns, cells, ranges, and tables . . . . . . . . . . 13 Formatting your data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Getting help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Gaining the Upper Hand on Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Entering your first formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Understanding references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Copying formulas with the fill handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Assembling formulas the right way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Using Functions in Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Looking at what goes into a function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Arguing with a function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Nesting functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 CHAPTER 2: Saving Time with Function Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Getting Familiar with the Insert Function Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Finding the Correct Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Entering Functions Using the Insert Function Dialog Box . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Selecting a function that takes no arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Selecting a function that uses arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Entering cells, ranges, named areas, and tables as function arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Getting help in the Insert Function dialog box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Using the Function Arguments dialog box to edit functions . . . . . . 50 Directly Entering Formulas and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Entering formulas and functions in the Formula Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Entering formulas and functions directly in worksheet cells . . . . . 52 Table of Contents v CHAPTER 3: Saying “Array!” for Formulas and Functions . . . . . . . .55 Discovering Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Using Arrays in Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Working with Functions That Return Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 CHAPTER 4: Fixing Formula Boo-Boos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Catching Errors As You Enter Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Getting parentheses to match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Avoiding circular references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Mending broken links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Using the Formula Error Checker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Auditing Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Watching the Watch Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Evaluating and Checking Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Making an Error Behave the Way You Want . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 PART 2: DOING THE MATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 CHAPTER 5: Calculating Loan Payments and Interest Rates . . . . 85 Understanding How Excel Handles Money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Going with the cash flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Formatting for currency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Choosing separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Figuring Loan Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Calculating the payment amount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Calculating interest payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Calculating payments toward principal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Calculating the number of payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Calculating the number of payments with PDURATION . . . . . . . . . 98 Calculating the interest rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Calculating the principal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Appreciating What You’ll Get, Depreciating CHAPTER 6: What You’ve Got . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Looking into the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Depreciating the Finer Things in Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Calculating straight-line depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Creating an accelerated depreciation schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Creating an even faster accelerated depreciation schedule . . . . . 113 Calculating a midyear depreciation schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114 Measuring Your Internals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 vi Excel Formulas & Functions For Dummies CHAPTER 7: Using Basic Math Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Adding It All Together with the SUM Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Rounding Out Your Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Just plain old rounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Rounding in one direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Leaving All Decimals Behind with INT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Leaving Some Decimals Behind with TRUNC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Looking for a Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Ignoring Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 CHAPTER 8: Advancing Your Math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Using PI to Calculate Circumference and Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140 Generating and Using Random Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 The all-purpose RAND function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Precise randomness with RANDBETWEEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Ordering Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Combining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Raising Numbers to New Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Multiplying Multiple Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Using What Remains with the MOD Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Summing Things Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Using SUBTOTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Using SUMPRODUCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Using SUMIF and SUMIFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Getting an Angle on Trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Three basic trigonometry functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Degrees and radians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 PART 3: SOLVING WITH STATISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 CHAPTER 9: Throwing Statistics a Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Getting Stuck in the Middle with AVERAGE, MEDIAN, and MODE . . . 164 Deviating from the Middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Measuring variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Analyzing deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Looking for normal distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Skewing from the norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Comparing data sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Analyzing Data with Percentiles and Bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 QUARTILE.INC and QUARTILE.EXC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 PERCENTILE.INC and PERCENTILE.EXC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 RANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 PERCENTRANK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190 FREQUENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Table of Contents vii MIN and MAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 LARGE and SMALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Going for the Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 COUNT and COUNTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 COUNTIF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 CHAPTER 10: Using Significance Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Testing to the T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Comparing Results with an Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 CHAPTER 11: Rolling the Dice on Predictions and Probability . . . 213 Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Linear model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Exponential model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Getting It Straight: Using SLOPE and INTERCEPT to Describe Linear Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 What’s Ahead: Using FORECAST, TREND, and GROWTH to Make Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 FORECAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 TREND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223 Using NORM.DIST and POISSON.DIST to Determine Probabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 NORM.DIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 POISSON.DIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 PART 4: DANCING WITH DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 CHAPTER 12: Dressing Up for Date Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Understanding How Excel Handles Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Formatting Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Making a Date with DATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Breaking a Date with DAY, MONTH, and YEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Isolating the day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Isolating the month . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 Isolating the year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Converting a Date from Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Finding Out What TODAY Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Counting the days until your birthday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Counting your age in days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Determining the Day of the Week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Working with Workdays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Determining workdays in a range of dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Workdays in the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248 Calculating Time Between Two Dates with the DATEDIF Function . . . 249 viii Excel Formulas & Functions For Dummies

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