Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall's Sheep and Mountain Goats PDF
Preview Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall's Sheep and Mountain Goats
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Wildlife Disease and Zoonotics Disease 8-20-2005 Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats, and Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, and Llamas in the Northwest Territories Elena Garde University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK Susan Kutz University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK Helen Schwantje Wildlife Veterinarian, Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Environment, Victoria, BC Alasdair Veitch Wildlife Management, Environment and Natural Resources, Sahtu Region, Norman Wells, NT Emily Jenkins Wildlife Disease Specialist / Research Scientist, Canadian Wildlife Service, Saskatoon, SK See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at:http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zoonoticspub Part of theVeterinary Infectious Diseases Commons Garde, Elena; Kutz, Susan; Schwantje, Helen; Veitch, Alasdair; Jenkins, Emily; and Elkin, Brett, "Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats, and Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, and Llamas in the Northwest Territories" (2005).Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease.Paper 29. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zoonoticspub/29 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Disease and Zoonotics at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Elena Garde, Susan Kutz, Helen Schwantje, Alasdair Veitch, Emily Jenkins, and Brett Elkin This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln:http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zoonoticspub/29 Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats, and Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, and Llamas in the Northwest Territories Prepared for: The Northwest Territories Agricultural Policy Framework and Environment and Natural Resources Government of the Northwest Territories, Canada August 20, 2005 Examining the Risk of Disease Transmission between Wild Dall’s Sheep and Mountain Goats, and Introduced Domestic Sheep, Goats, and Llamas in the Northwest Territories Elena Garde1,2, Susan Kutz1,3, Helen Schwantje4, Alasdair Veitch5, Emily Jenkins1,6, Brett Elkin7 1 Research Group for Arctic Parasitology and the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4. 2 Associate Wildlife Veterinarian, Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Environment, PO Box 9338, Stn Prov Govt, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, (250) 953-4285 [email protected] 3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary AB, T2N 4N1 Ph: (306) 229-6110 4 Wildlife Veterinarian, Biodiversity Branch, Ministry of Environment, PO Box 9338, Stn Prov Govt, 2975 Jutland Road, Victoria, BC, V8W 9M1, (250) 953-4285 [email protected] 5 Supervisor, Wildlife Management, Environment and Natural Resources, Sahtu Region, P.O. Box 130, Norman Wells, NT X0E 0V0, Ph: (867) 587-2786; Fax: (867) 587-2359 [email protected] 6 Wildlife Disease Specialist / Research Scientist, Canadian Wildlife Service, 115 Perimeter Rd. Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4 (306) 975-5357, (306) 966-7246 7 Disease & Contaminants Specialist, Environment and Natural Resources, 500 – 6102 50th Ave. Yellowknife, NT X1A 3S8. Ph: (867) 873-7761; Fax: (867) 873-0293 [email protected] This project was funded by: Northwest Territories Agricultural Policy Framework, Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories and Western Northwest Territories Biophysical Study Climate Change Action Fund, Natural Resources Canada Cumulative Impacts Monitoring Program, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Cover photo by Environment and Natural Resources, Sahtu Region, GNWT i TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 5 SECTION 1: OVERVIEW OF RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC SHEEP, GOATS OR LLAMAS INTO NORTHWEST TERRITORIES ............................................................................................................................. 7 Objective............................................................................................................................7 Background........................................................................................................................8 Methods............................................................................................................................13 Disclaimers.......................................................................................................................15 SECTION 2: IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENS OF HIGHEST CONCERN.. 17 Description....................................................................................................................17 Bacteria:...........................................................................................................................17 Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)..........................................17 Mycoplasma conjunctivae and M. ovipneumoniae.......................................................20 Pasteurella spp. and Mannheimia haemolytica............................................................24 Viruses:.............................................................................................................................32 Contagious Ecthyma.....................................................................................................32 Parainfluenza 3..............................................................................................................35 Parasites...........................................................................................................................37 Helminths......................................................................................................................37 Muellerius capillaris.....................................................................................................37 Ectoparasites..................................................................................................................39 Oestrus ovis...................................................................................................................39 SECTION 3. IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENS WITH UNKNOWN CONSEQUENCES............................................................................................. 41 Description....................................................................................................................41 Bacteria............................................................................................................................41 Chlamydophila spp........................................................................................................41 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis...........................................................................44 Coxiella burnetti (Q-fever)............................................................................................45 ii Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.........................................................................................46 Mycoplasma arginini and Mycoplasma mycoides........................................................48 Viruses..............................................................................................................................51 Adenovirus....................................................................................................................51 Border Disease Virus and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus...............................................52 Corona Virus.................................................................................................................54 Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease and Bluetongue Viruses.............................................55 Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis.................................................................................57 Respiratory Syncytial Virus..........................................................................................59 Parasites...........................................................................................................................61 Helminths......................................................................................................................61 Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei.....................................................................................61 Gastrointestinal Trichostrongylids................................................................................62 (cid:1) Haemonchus spp...............................................................................................63 (cid:1) Marshallagia sp.................................................................................................65 (cid:1) Nematodirus spp................................................................................................67 (cid:1) Teladorsagia spp...............................................................................................68 Trichuris spp.................................................................................................................70 Ectoparasites..................................................................................................................72 Linognathus pedalis......................................................................................................72 Otobius megnini (Spinose ear tick)...............................................................................73 Protozoa.........................................................................................................................74 Eimeria spp. (‘Coccidiosis’).........................................................................................74 Neospora caninum.........................................................................................................76 Sarcocystis sp................................................................................................................77 Other Agents:...................................................................................................................79 Scrapie...........................................................................................................................79 SECTION 4. IDENTIFICATION OF HEALTH HAZARDS OF LOWER CONCERN ........................................................................................................................... 81 Description....................................................................................................................81 Bacteria............................................................................................................................81 Arcanobacterium pyogenes...........................................................................................81 Fusobacterium necrophorum........................................................................................82 Viruses..............................................................................................................................82 Malignant Catarrhal Fever............................................................................................82 Parasites...........................................................................................................................83 Helminths......................................................................................................................83 Dictyocaulus filaria.......................................................................................................83 Fascioloides magna.......................................................................................................84 Parelaphostrongylus tenuis...........................................................................................84 iii Protostrongylus stilesi...................................................................................................85 Trichostrongylids..........................................................................................................85 (cid:1) Camelostrongylus mentulatus...........................................................................86 (cid:1) Cooperia spp.....................................................................................................86 (cid:1) Ostertagia spp...................................................................................................87 (cid:1) Trichostrongylus spp.........................................................................................87 Ectoparasites..................................................................................................................87 Psoroptes sp..................................................................................................................87 Protozoa.........................................................................................................................88 Cryptosporidium sp.......................................................................................................88 Toxoplasma gondii........................................................................................................89 SECTION 5. ORGANISMS POSING NO APPARENT RISK............................. 91 Description....................................................................................................................91 Bacteria............................................................................................................................91 Viruses..............................................................................................................................92 Fungal...............................................................................................................................92 Parasitic............................................................................................................................93 SECTION 6. ORGANISMS OF CONCERN IN THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES................................................................................................... 95 Description....................................................................................................................95 Anthrax............................................................................................................................95 Brucellosis........................................................................................................................95 Tuberculosis.....................................................................................................................96 DISCUSSION..................................................................................................... 97 APPENDIX 1. INFECTIOUS BACTERIAL AGENTS REPORTED IN DOMESTIC SHEEP, GOATS, AND LLAMAS, AND WILD DALL’S SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOATS............................................................................................................ 101 APPENDIX 2. INFECTIOUS VIRAL AGENTS RECORDED IN DOMESTIC SHEEP, GOATS, AND LLAMAS, AND WILD SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOATS............................................................................................................ 104 APPENDIX 3: FUNGAL AGENTS RECORDED IN DOMESTIC SHEEP, GOATS, AND LLAMAS, AND WILD DALL’S SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOATS............................................................................................................ 105 iv APPENDIX 4: HELMINTHS RECORDED IN DOMESTIC SHEEP, GOATS, AND LLAMAS, AND WILD DALL’S SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOATS................. 106 APPENDIX 5: PROTOZOAL AGENTS RECORDED IN DOMESTIC SHEEP, GOATS, AND LLAMAS, AND WILD DALL’S SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOATS............................................................................................................ 109 APPENDIX 6: ECTOPARASITIC AGENTS RECORDED IN DOMESTIC SHEEP, GOATS, AND LLAMAS, AND WILD DALL’S SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOATS............................................................................................................ 110 APPENDIX 7: OTHER AGENTS RECORDED IN DOMESTIC SHEEP, GOATS, AND LLAMAS, AND WILD DALL’S SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOATS........ 111 APPENDIX 8: SELECTED DISEASE-CAUSING AGENTS IDENTIFIED IN WILD AND DOMESTIC SHEEP AND MOUNTAIN GOAT SUBMISSIONS TO THE CANADIAN COOPERATIVE WILDLIFE HEALTH CENTRE (1970- 2002)..... 112 APPENDIX 9. COMPARISON OF COCCIDIA OF WILD SHEEP, MOUNTAIN GOATS, CAMELIDS AND DOMESTIC SHEEP AND GOATS........................ 115 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................. 117 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS................................................................... 117 REFERENCES................................................................................................. 118 v List of Figures Figure 1. Map showing region of Northwest Territories covered by risk assessment. ...................................................................................................................................12 Figure 2. Current classification of Pasteurella/Mannheimia spp................................26 vi List of Tables Table 1. Transmission and health impact risk ratings................................................15 Table 2. Bacterial pneumonia related die-off’s in bighorn sheep in Canada............31 vii
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