Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense Reactions PDF
Preview Evolutionary Mechanisms of Defense Reactions
'\ V. Vetvicka 'andR Sfma \ \ \ \. \ Ev o I uti'9 n~\rY\\M~c\ha\.,is\rr-s of Defe~se\Re",ctions\ ' "\ ~ \ '. \, \ \ \ \ \ \ Springer Başe! AG Authors Văclav Vetvicka, Ph. D. Petr Sfma, Ph. D. Assistant Professor Senior Research Scientist Dept. of Pathology Dept. of Immunology School of Medicine Institute of Microbiology Div. of Experimental Immunology Academy of Science ofthe Czech Republic and Immunopathology Prague University of Louisville Czech Republic Louisville, KY 20292 USA Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Vetvicka, Vâclav: Evolutionary mechanism of defense reactions I v. Vetvicka and p. Sfma. - Basel ; Boston; Berlin: Birkhăuser, 1998 ISBN 978-3-0348-8835-6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vetvicka, Vaclav. Evolutionary mechanisms of defense reactions I V. Vetvicka and p. Sfma p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-0348-9793-8 ISBN 978-3-0348-8835-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-0348-8835-6 1. Immune system--Evolution. 1. Sfma, Petr, 1942- II. Tltle. QR182.2.E94V48 1998 571.9' 61--dc21 98-23992 CIP The publisher and editor can give no guarantee for the information on drug dosage and administration contained in this publication. The respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other sources of reference in each individual case. The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication, even if not identified as such, does not imply that they are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations or free for general use. This work is subject to copyright. AII rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use, permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. ©1998 Springer Basel AG Originally published by Birkhăuser Verlag AG, in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1998 Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF 00 Cover design: Markus Etterich, Basel ISBN 978-3-0348-8835-6 987654321 To Jana and Eva A first step in analysis ofa ny biological problem is descriptive and comparative study. J. Huxley, 1958 Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank Dr. Brian P. Thornton for his patient and tireless effort in helping to edit our book into proper English. We also express our deep gratitude to the authors and editors of excellent books published recently. Finally, we thank and acknowledge Jana Vitviekova and Eva Truxova, for their constant support, sympathy and understanding. Louisville - Prague, January 1998 Contents Introduction ........................................... 1 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Animals at the cell-aggregate body organization ............. 9 Porifera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Humoral immunity .................................... 9 Cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Diblastic animals ....................................... 19 Coelenterata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Humoral immunity .................................... 20 Cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 The immune phenomena characteristics ................. 21 Conclusions ......................................... 23 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Protostomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Annelida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The evolutionary significance ofm etamery and the coelom .... 28 The cells ............................................ 29 The origin ........................................... 29 Humoral immunity .................................... 30 Adaptive humoral immunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Phagocytosis ...................................... 34 Cytotoxic reactions ................................. 35 Transplantation reaction ............................. 36 Adaptive cellular defense reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Reforences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Arthropoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Chelicerata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 The cells and structures engaged in the immune reactions ..... 43 Humoral immunity .................................... 44 Cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Reforences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Crustacea .............................................. 48 Hemopoitic structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Contents IX Humoral immunity .................................... 48 Cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Insecta ................................................ 56 Blood cells .......................................... 56 Hemopoietic structures and their possible relevance to immunity. 57 Humoral immunity .................................... 57 Inducible antibacterial peptides ....................... 58 Cellular immunology .................................. 62 Phagocytosis ...................................... 62 Encapsulation .................................... : 64 Transplantation immunity ............................ 64 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Mollusca .............................................. 70 The hemopoietic tissues and organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 The gastropods ........................................ 71 The bivalves ......................................... 72 The cephalopods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Humoral immunity .................................... 73 Cellular immunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Deuterostomes ......................................... 87 Echinodermata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 The coelomic derivatives ofe chinoderms and their possible role in immunity ...................................... 87 The immune significance ofc oelomic tubular and perivisceral systems ................................... 88 The water vascular, hemal and perihemal systems ... . . . . . . 88 Perivisceral coelom ................................. 88 Other structures engaged in the immunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Humoral immunity .................................... 89 Cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Regeneration ...................................... 95 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 ChordateslUrochordata ................................... 100 The anatomical features ofa scidians in regard to their possible immune significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100 The immune significance oft he pharyngeal region ........... 100 Other structures engaged in the immunity .................. 101 The lymph nodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101 Body wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101 The neural gland ................................... 10 1 x Contents Humoral immunity .................................... 101 Cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 110 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 110 ChordatesNertebrates/Agnatha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 114 Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 114 The immunocompetent tissues and organs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 114 The possible thymus equivalent lymphoid structures ofp haryngeal region ................................ 114 The gut-associated lymphoid structures considered to be equivalent to the spleen ......................... 115 Lymphoid tissues with the poietic capability supposed to be equivalent to bone marrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 116 Other lymphohemopoietic tissues ...................... 117 Humoral immunity .................................... 118 Specific humoral immunity ........................... 118 Cellular immunity . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119 ChordatesNertebrates/Chondrichthyes ....................... 123 Origins ............................................. 123 The immunocompetent tissues and organs of chondrichthyans .. 124 The thymus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 124 The spleen ........................................ 125 The gut-associated lymphoid tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 126 The immunocompetent tissues and organs ofc hondrichthyans comparable to the bone marrow ....................... 126 The Leydig's organ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 126 Epigonalorgans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127 The lymphomyeloid structures ofc ranial region . . . . . . . . . .. 127 The kidney ........................................ 128 Development of lymphohemopoiesis in elasmobranchs ........ 128 Humoral immunity .................................... 130 Specific humoral immunity ........................... 131 Cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133 Specific cellular immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 134 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136 ChordatesNertebrates IOsteichthyes ......................... 142 Origins ............................................. 142 The immunocompetent tissues and organs ofo steichthyans . . . .. 143 The thymus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 144 The spleen ........................................ 145 The gut-associated lymphoid tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 146 The immunocompetent tissues and organs ofo steichthyans comparable to the bone marrow ....................... 146 Contents XI The kidney ........................................ 146 Other structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 147 Cells ............................................... 147 B Lymphocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 147 T Lymphocytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 148 MHC Antigens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 149 Nonspecific humoral immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 151 Specific humoral immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 154 Nonspecific cellular immunity ........................... 164 Cytokines ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 168 Transplantation .................................... 169 Cytotoxicity ....................................... 171 Cellular cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175 General conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 187 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 189 Subject index .......................................... 191
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