Evolutionary Ecology of Freshwater Animals: Concepts and Case Studies PDF
Preview Evolutionary Ecology of Freshwater Animals: Concepts and Case Studies
EXS 82 Evolutionary Ecology of Freshwater Animals Concepts and Case Studies Edited by B. Streit T. Städler C M . Lively Springer Basel AG Editon;: Prof. Dr. Bruno 5treit Dr. Curtis M. Lively Dr. Thomas St1idler Depattment of Biology Abteilung Okologie und Evolution IndillJla University Fachbereich Biologie Bloomington, Indiana 47405 J.W. Goethe-Universifiit USA Siesmayerstrasse 70 D-60054 Frankfurt Germany Front cover. Top: The tbreespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from western North America. The phenotype is one of mauy different phenotypes founel in fresh water, believed 10 be de- scended iram marine and iIlIadromous popuIations. Center: Two individuals of Poramopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand prosobranch suail. This phenotypieally variable speeies (e.g., with smooth or keeled shells) harbors both sexual and clonallineages. Bottom: Two marure zooids from a colony of Cristalella mucedo, a freshwater bryozoan. In the trilllsverse seetion of the eolony a young retracted zooid (right) and two floatoblasts are depicted. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evolutionary ecology of freshwater animals : eoneepts anei case studies I edited by B. Streil, T. Stădler, C.M. Lively. p. em. - (Experientia. Supplementum ; 82) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-3-0348-9812-6 ISBN 978-3-0348-8880-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-0348-8880-6 L Frewhwaler animals--EvoJution. 2. Freshwater animals--Ecology. 3. Freshwater animals--Evolution--Case studies. 4. Freshwater animals--Ecology-Case studies. 1. Streit, Bruno. n. Stadler, Thomas. III. Lively, C. M. (Curtis M.) Iv. Series: Experientia. Supplementum ; v. 82. WL 141.E96 1997 591.76-dc21 Deutsche Bibliotbek Cataloging-in-Puhlicatlon Data Evolutiooary ecology of freshwater animals : concepts and case studies led. by B. Streit ... - Ba.'!el ; Boston; Berlin: Birkhăuser, 1997 (EXS: 82) ISBN 978-3..0348-9812-6 EXS. - Basel ; Boston; Berlin: Birkhăuser Friiher Schriftenreihe Fortlaufende Beii. ro: Experientia The publisher and editor can give no guarantee for the information on drug dosage IlJld administration cOlltained in this publication. The respective urer must eheck its accuracy by consulting other sources of reference in each individual case. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication. even if not identifted as such, does not imply that they are exempt from Ihe relevant protecrive laws and regulations or free for general use. This work is subject to copyright AII rights are reserved, whetber the whole or part ofthe material is concerued, specifically ilie rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of ilIustrations, recitation, broadcastiog, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For iIlIY kind of use the permission of the copyright owner must be obtaincd. © 1997 Springer Basel AG Origina11y published by Birkbauser Verlag in 1997 Soflcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1997 Printed on acid-free])aper produced from cblorine-free pulp ISBN 978-3-0348-9812-6 987654321 Contents List of contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII B. Streit, T. Stadler and CM Lively Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... IX Ecosystem structure and trophic interactions MA. Leibold and A.J. Tessier Habitat partitioning by zooplankton and the structure of lake ecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 MJ. Winterbourn New Zealand mountain stream communities: Stable yet disturbed? 31 C Bronmark, J. Dahl and L. Greenberg Complex trophic interactions in freshwater benthic food chains 55 D.E. Wooster, A. Sih and G. Englund Prey dispersal and predator impacts on stream benthic prey 89 Aspects of life-history evolution N. Walz Rotifer life history strategies and evolution in freshwater plankton communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 D. Ebert The evolution and genetics of maturation in Daphnia 151 J. Jokela Optimal energy allocation tactics and indeterminate growth: Life-history evolution of long-lived bivalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Population biology and reproductive modes K. Schwenk and P. Spaak Ecology and genetics of mterspecific hybridization in Daphnia . . . 199 T. Stadler and P. Jarne Population biology, genetic structure, and mating system parameters in freshwater snails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 231 S. G. Johnson, CM Lively and S.J. Schrag Evolution and ecological correlates of uniparental and biparental reproduction in freshwater snails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 VI Contents B. Okamura Genetic similarity, parasitism, and metapopulation structure in a freshwater bryozoan ....................... 293 Evolutionary processes following colonizations MA. Bell and CA. Andrews Evolutionary consequences of postglacial colonization of fresh water by primitively anadromous fishes 323 Subject index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 List of Contributors Christine A. Andrews, Department of Ecology and Evolution, State Uni- versity of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA Michael A. Bell, Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA Christer Bronmark, Department of Animal Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, S-22362 Lund, Sweden Jonas Dahl, Department of Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, S-22362 Lund, Sweden Dieter Ebert, Institut fiir Zoologie, Universitiit Basel, Rheinsprung 9, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland Goran Englund, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA Larry Greenberg, Department of Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund Uni- versity, S-22362 Lund, Sweden Philippe Jarne, Lab. Genetique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Universite Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France Steven G. Johnson, Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA Jukka Jokela, ETH-ZUrich, Experimental Ecology,ETH-Zentrnm NW, CH-8092 ZUrich, Switzerland Mathew A. Leibold, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Curtis M. Lively, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Blooming- ton, IN 47405, USA Beth Okamura, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK Stephanie J. Schrag, Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA VIII List of Contributors Klaus Schwenk, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Centre for Limnology, Rijksstraatweg 6, NL-3631 AC Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands Andrew Sih, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA Piet Spaak, EAWAG/ETH, Department of Limnology, Uberlandstr. 133, CH- 8600 Diibendorf, Switzerland Thomas Stadler, Abteilung Okologie und Evolution, Fachbereich Biologie, J. W Goethe-Universitat, SiesmayerstraBe 70, 60054 Frankfurt, Germany Alan J. Tessier, Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Comers, MI 49060, USA Norbert Walz, Institut fUr Gewasserokologie und Binnenfischerei, Abtei- lung Limnologie von FluBseen, Miiggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin (Friedrichshagen), Germany Michael J. Winterboum, Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand David E. Wooster, Center for Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexing- ton, KY 40506-0225, USA Evolutionary Ecology of Freshwater Animals ed. by B. Streit, T. Stadler and C. M. Lively © 1997 Birkhauser Verlag Basel/Switzerland Introduction This volume provides an overview of several aspects of the evolutionary ecology of freshwater animals. Evolutionary ecology views ecological problems in the light of evolutionary processes, emphasizing natural selec- tion and adaptation, species interactions, and life-history features, includ- ing behavioral interactions and dispersal. Central to this approach is the importance of heritable variability for phenotypic traits within and among natural populations. Both the physical and the biotic environment with their respective complexities compose the ecological arena in which pop- ulations and species evolve. As an integrating field, evolutionary ecology draws on several subdis- ciplines of biology, among them general ecology, population biology, population genetics, life-history theory, and biogeography and paleon- tology. Owing to its conceptual richness and emphasis, evolutionary ecology is thus a rapidly growing, diversifying field at the nexus of various disciplines. The aim of this series of articles is to highlight some of the current central hypotheses and approaches in the field, using freshwater model systems as a unifying theme. What is the motivation to study problems of evolutionary ecology in freshwater animals? Actually, freshwater biota and their respective lotic or lentic environments represent appealing model systems for a variety of reasons: • The general ecology of freshwater systems (limnology), and thus the general ecological background of the respective species or assemblage of species under investigation, has been studied extensively for a long time. The rigorous study of these systems has a tradition dating back more than a century, stressing the ecosystem approach earlier than studies in other major habitat types. Ecological limnologists have pioneered quantitative studies of energy flow, nutrient cycling, and related aspects of the autecology of some model component species. • Experimental work on various freshwater organisms is frequently easier, especially with planktonic species, than comparable work on terrestrial organisms. The latter typically live in heterogeneous environments with stronger temporal and spatial fluctuations of environmental vari- ables, such as small-scale temperature changes. Many lake-inhabiting planktonic species with small body size are characterized by rapid gen- eration turnover, facilitating a range of observational and experimental studies. x Introduction • Freshwater ecosystems are often transient in nature, at both ecological and evolutionary timescales. Freshwater environments, especially in the tropics, may be subject to annual droughts and/or flooding, and most freshwater systems have suffered extensive rearrangements due to glacial (or pluvial) cycles during the Pleistocene. This physical instability should have consequences for the genetic and phenotypic differentiation of populations and for selection on various life-history traits, promot- ing variants that can cope with unpredictable or seasonally changing environmental variables. • Freshwater animals display a variety of reproductive modes that deviate from biparental sexuality, such as ameiotic parthenogenesis in clado- cerans, rotifers and some prosobranch snails, self-fertilization in pul- monate snails, and vegetative cloning in bryozoans and other phyla. This striking diversity in often dominant constituents of freshwater com- munities offers exceptional opportunities to uncover the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of these alternative reproductive modes, and is accessible to both comparative and experimental ap- proaches. Bryozoans and various other phyla are further characterized by their modular, rather than unitary, growth form and life history. • Theoretical concepts in evolutionary ecology were originally based on studies of terrestrial rather than aquatic taxa, largely neglecting the wealth of information gathered on freshwater communities. One of the goals ofthis series of 12 chapters is to facilitate communication between ecologists and evolutionary biologists experienced in, respectively, freshwater, marine, and terrestrial systems. The first section, focusing on "Ecosystem structure and trophic inter- actions", deals with lakes and rivers, plankton and benthon, and comprises four contributions. Leibold and Tessier examine the role of habitat par- titioning by species in the genus Daphnia, which represent commonly important grazers in lake ecosystems. Within the framework of trophic interactions and "cascades", the authors focus on the often neglected inter- actions among resource competitors within a given trophic level (algal grazers). By developing a graphical model of habitat partitioning under resource competition mediated by habitat-specific predators, they argue that the observed patterns of habitat partitioning in Daphnia can be inter- preted as reflecting the conflicting demands of avoiding predators and using environments that maximize growth. Winterbourn synthesizes studies on the. persistence and resilience of invertebrate faunas in New Zealand mountain streams of contrasting physical stability and flow variability, as well as other studies on faunal responses to catchment-scale disturbances and the temporal stability of stream faunas following afforestation with exotic conifers. He presents evi- dence suggesting that the faunas of many New Zealand mountain streams are dominated by the same widely distributed species characterized by
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