Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6: Deuterostomia

220 Pages·2015·13.777 MB·English

by  Andreas Wanninger (eds.)

Andreas Wanninger Editor
Evolutionary
Developmental
Biology of
Invertebrates
Vol. 6 Deuterostomia
Evolutionary Developmental Biology
of Invertebrates 6

Andreas Wanninger
Editor
Evolutionary
Developmental Biology
of Invertebrates 6
Deuterostomia
Editor
Andreas Wanninger
Department of Integrative Zoology
University of Vienna
Faculty of Life Sciences
Wien
Austria
ISBN 978-3-7091-1855-9 ISBN 978-3-7091-1856-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1856-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015947925
Springer Wien Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© Springer-Verlag Wien 2015
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Cover illustration: Scanning electron micrograph of a tornaria larva (Metschnikoff stage) of a
hemichordate, the acorn worm B alanoglossus misakiensis. See Chapter 2 for details
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Pref ace
T he evolution of life on Earth has fascinated mankind for many centuries.
Accordingly, research into reconstructing the mechanisms that have led to the
vast morphological diversity of extant and fossil organisms and their evolu-
tion from a common ancestor has a long and vivid history. Thereby, the era
spanning the nineteenth and early twentieth century marked a particularly
groundbreaking period for evolutionary biology, when leading naturalists and
embryologists of the time such as Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), Charles
Darwin (1809–1882), Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), and Berthold Hatschek
(1854–1941) realized that comparing ontogenetic processes between species
offers a unique window into their evolutionary history. This revelation lay the
foundation for a research fi eld today commonly known as Evolutionary
Developmental Biology, or, briefl y, EvoDevo.
While for many of today’s EvoDevo scientists the principle motivation for
studying animal development is still in reconstructing evolutionary scenarios,
the analytical means of data generation have radically changed over the cen-
turies. The past two decades in particular have seen dramatic innovations
with the routine establishment of powerful research techniques using micro-
morphological and molecular tools, thus enabling investigation of animal
development on a broad, comparative level. At the same time, methods were
developed to specifi cally assess gene function using reverse genetics, and at
least some of these techniques are likely to be established for a growing num-
ber of so-called emerging model systems in the not too distant future. With
this pool of diverse methods at hand, the amount of comparative data on
invertebrate development has skyrocketed in the past years, making it increas-
ingly diffi cult for the individual scientist to keep track of what is known and
what remains unknown for the various animal groups, thereby also impeding
teaching of state-of-the-art Evolutionary Developmental Biology. Thus, it
appears that the time is right to summarize our knowledge on invertebrate
development, both from the classical literature and from ongoing scientifi c
work, in a treatise devoted to EvoDevo.
Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates aims at providing
an overview as broad as possible. The authors, all renowned experts in the
fi eld, have put particular effort into presenting the current state of knowl-
edge as comprehensively as possible, carefully weighing conciseness
against level of detail. For issues not covered in depth here, the reader may
consult additional textbooks, review articles, or web-based resources,
v
vi Preface
p articularly on w ell-e stablished model systems such as C aenorhabditis
elegans ( w ww.wormbase.org ) or D rosophila melanogaster ( w ww.fl ybase.org ) .
Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates is designed such
that each chapter can stand alone, and most chapters are dedicated to one
phylum or phylum-like taxonomic unit. The main exceptions are the hexa-
pods and the crustaceans. Due to the vast amount of data available, these
groups are treated in their own volume each (Volume 4 and Volume 5, respec-
tively), which differ in their conceptual setups from the other four volumes.
In addition to the taxon-based parts, chapters on embryos in the fossil record,
homology in the age of genomics, and the relevance of EvoDevo for recon-
structing evolutionary and phylogenetic scenarios are included in Volume
1 in order to provide the reader with broader perspectives of modern- day
EvoDevo. A chapter showcasing developmental mechanisms during regen-
eration is part of Volume 2 .
Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates aims at scientists
that are interested in a broad comparative view of what is known in the fi eld
but is also directed toward the advanced student with a particular interest in
EvoDevo research. While it may not come in classical textbook style, it is my
hope that this work, or parts of it, fi nds its way into the classrooms where
Evolutionary Developmental Biology is taught today. Bullet points at the end
of each chapter highlight open scientifi c questions and may help to inspire
future research into various areas of Comparative Evolutionary Developmental
Biology .
I am deeply grateful to all the contributing authors that made E volutionary
Developmental Biology of Invertebrates possible by sharing their knowledge
on animal ontogeny and its underlying mechanisms. I warmly thank Marion
Hüffel for invaluable editorial assistance from the earliest stages of this proj-
ect until its publication and Brigitte Baldrian for the chapter vignette artwork.
The publisher, Springer, is thanked for allowing a maximum of freedom dur-
ing planning and implementation of this project and the University of Vienna
for providing me with a scientifi c home to pursue my work on small, little-
known creatures.
T his volume is dedicated to the Deuterostomia, comprising the
Echinodermata and Hemichordata (usually united as Ambulacraria) as well
as the Cephalochordata and the Tunicata.
Tulbingerkogel, Austria Andreas Wanninger
January 2015
Contents
1 Echinodermata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Maria Ina Arnone, Maria Byrne, and Pedro Martinez
2 Hemichordata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Sabrina Kaul-Strehlow and Eric Röttinger
3 Cephalochordata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Linda Z. Holland
4 Tunicata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Alberto Stolfi and Federico D. Brown
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
vii
1
Echinodermata
Maria Ina Arnone , Maria Byrne , and Pedro Martinez

Chapter vignette artwork by Brigitte Baldrian.
© Brigitte Baldrian and Andreas Wanninger.
M. I. Arnone
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn ,
Villa Comunale , Napoli 80121 , Italy
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Byrne
Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences ,
University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Martinez (*)
Departament de Genètica , Universitat de Barcelona ,
Av. Diagonal, 643 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
ICREA (Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis
Avancats) , Barcelona , Spain
e-mail: [email protected]
A. Wanninger (ed.), Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 6: Deuterostomia 1
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-1856-6_1, © Springer-Verlag Wien 2015
2 M.I. Arnone et al.
INTRODUCTION Studies of morphology and m olecules (Janies
et al. 2011) demonstrate the existence of two
The Echinoderm Body Plan higher-order subphylum clades: Pelmatozoa
(Crinoidea) and Eleutherozoa (the remain-
ing classes). Echinodermata together with
Echinoderms are a phylum of invertebrate deu- Hemichordata form the clade Ambulacraria
terostomes that are morphologically character- (to which some authors add the enigmatic
ized by a fi vefold (pentameric) symmetric adult Xenacoelomorpha group). This grouping is the
body plan. There are fi ve extant subtaxa, sister to the Chordata.
Crinoidea (e.g., sea lilies and feather stars), A series of autapomorphies defi nes the
Asteroidea (e.g., sea stars), Ophiuroidea (e.g., Echinodermata, including the pentameral body
brittle stars), Echinoidea (e.g., sea urchins), and plan and the water vascular system (WVS). The
Holothuroidea (e.g., sea cucumbers) (Fig. 1.1) . WVS derives from the hydrocoel during develop-

Fig. 1.1 R epresentatives of the fi ve different classes of intermedius (Courtesy of Hisanori Kohtsuka). The u pper
extant echinoderms. L eft column , top to b ottom : the echi- right image shows the asteroid Patiria miniata (Courtesy
noid Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Courtesy of Mattias of Mattias Ormestad) and the l ower right image the ophiu-
Ormestad), the holothuroid Parastichopus parvimensis roid Amphiura fi liformis (Courtesy of Anna Czarkwiani
(Courtesy of Peter Bryant), and the crinoid Oxycomanthus and Paola Oliveri)