Evolutionary Biology: Volume 21

441 Pages·1987·8.781 MB·English

by  Lee Ehrman, Marvin Wasserman (auth.), Max K. Hecht, Bruce Wallace, Ghillean T. Prance (eds.)

Evolutionary
Biology
VOLUME 21
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Evolutionary
Biology
VOLUME 21
Edited by
MAXK.HECHT
Queens College of the
City University of New York
Flushing, New York
BRUCE WALLACE
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia
and
GHILLEANT. PRANCE
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx, New York
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows:
Evolutionary biology. v. 1- 1967-
New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts.
v. illus. 24 cm annual.
Editors: 1967- T. Dobzhansky and others.
1. Evolution-Period. 2. Biology-Period. I. Dobzhansky, Theodosius
Grigorievich, 1900-
QH366.AIE9 575'.005 67-11961
ISBN 978-1-4615-6988-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-6986-2 (e8ook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4615-6986-2
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1987
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Jon E. Ahlquist • Department of Biology and Peabody Museum of
Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511.
Present Address: Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701
Jean Chaline • Laboratoire de Geodynamique Sedimentaire et Evo
lution Geobiologique, Laboratoire de Prehistoire et Paleoecologie
du Quaternaire de L'Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, and Institut
des Sciences de la Terre, Universite de Dijon, 21100 Dijon, France
Joel Cracraft • Department of Anatomy, University of Illinois, Chi
cago, Illinois 60680 and Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,
Illinois 60605
Rob DeSalle • Department of Genetics, Washington University Med
ical School, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
Lee Ehrman • Division of Natural Sciences, State University of New
York at Purchase, Purchase, New York 10577
L. Val Giddings • Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the
United States, Washington, D.C. 20510
Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro • Hawaiian Evolutionary Biology Program,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
Sinzo Masaki • Laboratory of Entomology, Faculty ofA griculture, Hi
rosaki University, Hirosaki 036, Japan
v
vi Contributors
P. A. Parsons • Department of Genetics and Human Variation, La
Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
Bobb Schaeffer • Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American
Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024
Frederick H. Sheldon • Department of Biology and Peabody Museum
ofN atural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511.
Present Address: Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San
Francisco State University, Tiburon, Calfornia 94920
Charles G. Sibley • Department of Biology and Peabody Museum of
Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
06511. Present address: Tiburon Center for Environmental Stud
ies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California 94920
S. E. Sultan • Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
Alan R. Templeton • Department of Biology, Washington University,
St. Louis, Missouri 63130
Thomas J. Walker • Department of Entomology and Nematology,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
Marvin Wasserman • Biology Department, Queens College of the City
University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367
Preface
Evolutionary Biology, of which this is the twenty-first volume, continues
to offer its readers a wide range of original articles, reviews, and com
mentaries on evolution, in the broadest sense of that term. The topics of
the reviews range from anthropology and behavior to molecular biology
and systematics.
In recent volumes, a broad spectrum of articles have appeared on
such subjects as evolution of the bacterial genome, biochemical system
atics in plants, a discussion of species selection, and development and
evolution of the vertebrate limb. Articles such as these, often too long
for standard journals, are the material for Evolutionary Biology.
The editors continue to solicit manuscripts on an international scale
in an effort to see that everyone ofthe many facets of biological evolution
is covered. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max
K. Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University
of New York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department
of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks
burg, Virginia 24061; or Ghillian T. Prance, New York Botanical Garden,
Bronx, New York 10458.
The Editors
vII
Contents
1. The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation 1
Lee Ehrman and Marvin Wasserman
Introduction ........................................ 1
The Kaneshiro Models ................................ 6
Selection for Nonsexual Behavior Traits ................. 6
Evidence from the Hawaiian Drosophila ................. 7
Other Evidence .................................... 9
The Watanabe-Kawanishi Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Other Models ....................................... 10
Evidence from Drosophila arizonensis-Drosophila mojavensis
Case .......................................... 10
Evidence from Drosophila paulistorum .................. 13
Discussion ......................................... 17
References ......................................... 18
2. Comments on "The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual
Isolation" ...................•..............•... 21
Rob DeSalle and Alan R. Templeton
References ......................................... 26
3. The Significance of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation and the
Formation of New Species ..•...............••••.... 29
Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro and L. Val Giddings
Introduction ... .................................... . 29
Other Models of Asymmetrical Sexual Isolation 31
ix
x Contents
The Watanabe-Kawanishi Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
The Wasserman-Koepfer Model ....................... 31
Empirical Data in Support of the Kaneshiro Model ........... 32
Male Choice or Female Choice? ......................... 34
Mating Propensity and Sex Drive ........................ 35
The Direction of Evolution in Hawaiian Drosophila . . . . . . . . . .. 36
Mating Asymmetries and Speciation ...................... 38
Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
References ......................................... 40
DNA Hybridization and Avian Systematics: Introduction 45
Max K. Hecht
4. DNA Hybridization and Avian Phylogenetics 47
Joel Cracraft
Introduction ........................................ 47
From Organisms to Distances: The Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
The Method of DNA Hybridization ..................... 50
The Nature of the Data .............................. 51
DNA Distances and Sources of Error ................... 53
From DNA Distances to Trees: The Analytical Methods ....... 61
What Kinds of Trees Are These? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61
The Uniform Average Rate (UAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71
Relaxing the Assumption of a UAR ..................... 76
Evaluating DNA Tree Topologies ...................... 77
Discussion and Interpretation ........................... 87
DNA Distances and Their Phylogenetic Structure .......... 87
The Temporal Pattern of Avian Evolution ................ 88
Conflicts among Data: The Search for Congruence . . . . . . . . .. 90
"The Problem of Phylogeny Has Been Solved":
Conclusion ....................................... 92
References ......................................... 93
Contents xi
5. DNA Hybridization and Avian Phylogenetics: Reply to
Cracraft ....................................... 97
Charles G. Sibley, Jon E. Ahlquist, and Frederick H.
Sheldon
References ......................................... 123
6. DNA Evolutionary Implications of Phenotypic Plasticity in
Plants ......................................... 127
S. E. Sultan
Introduction ........................................ 127
The Nature of Phenotypic Plasticity ...................... 129
Analysis of Phenotypic Expression ....................... 131
The Genotypic Basis of Plasticity ........................ 134
The Expression of Plasticity ............................ 136
Size and Allocation ................................. 138
Leaf Morphology ................................. " 139
Physiological Plasticity .............................. 140
Biosynthetic Responses ............................ " 141
Plastic Convergence ................................ 141
Evolutionary Responses to Environmental Heterogeneity ...... 142
The Heterogeneity of the Plant Environment .............. 142
Theoretical Considerations Regarding Specialization and
Plasticity ....................................... 144
Between-Population Response ......................... 149
Evolutionary Response within Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 153
What Is Fitness in Plants? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165
Conclusions ........................................ 170
References ......................................... 172
7. Deuterostome Monophyly and Phylogeny . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .. 179
Bobb Schaeffer
Introduction ........................................ 179
Deuterostomes ...................................... 183