Evolutionary Biology: Volume 13

307 Pages·1980·5.71 MB·English

by  Timothy Prout (auth.), Max K. Hecht, William C. Steere, Bruce Wallace (eds.)

Evolutionary
Biology
VOLUME 13
Evolutionary
Biology
VOLUME 13
Edited by
MAXK.HECHT
Queens College of the
City University ofN ew York
Flushing, New York
WILLIAM C. STEERE
New York Botanical Garden
Bronx, New York
and
BRUCE WALLACE
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Library of Congress cataloged the lust volume of this title as follows:
Evolutionary biology. v. 1- 1967-
New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts.
v. illus. 24 cm. annual.
Editors: 1967- T. Dobzhansky and others.
1. Evolution - Period. 2. Biology - Period. I. Dobzhansky, Theodosius
Grigorievich, 1900-
QH366.AIE9 575'.005 67-11961
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-11961
ISBN 978-1-4615-6964-0 ISBN 978-1-4615-6962-6 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4615-6962-6
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, micromming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
ALEXANDER CRUZ • Department of Environmental, Population, and
Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
R. B. DAVEY • Department of Microbiology, University of Melbourne,
Parkville, Victoria, Australia
DA VID G. LLOYD • Department of Botany, University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand
PETER A. PARSONS • Department of Genetics and Human Varia
tion, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
TIMOTHY PROUT • Department of Genetics, University of Cali
fornia, Davis, California
D. C. REANNEY • Department of Microbiology, La Trobe University,
Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
HENRYK SZARSKI • Department of Comparative Anatomy,
Jagel/onian University, Krakow, Poland
THOMAS J. WALKER • Department of Entomology and Nematology,
University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
R. HAVEN WILEY • Department of Zoology, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
v
Preface
The first volume of Evolutionary Biology was published thirteen years
ago. Since that time thirteen volumes and one supplement have appeared.
As stated in earlier prefaces, we are continuing the focus of this series on
critical reviews, commentaries, original papers, and controversies in evolu
tionary biology. It is our aim to publish papers primarily of greater length
than normally published by society journals and quarterlies. We therefore
invite colleagues to submit chapters that fall within the focus and standards
of Evolutionary Biology.
The editors regretfully announce that Dr. William C. Steere has
decided to withdraw from the editorial board of Evolutionary Biology. Dr.
Ghillean T. Prance will replace Dr. Steere for forthcoming volumes.
Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K. Hecht,
Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New
York, Flushing, New York 11367; Bruce Wallace, Department of Genetics,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850; Ghillean T. Prance, New
York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458.
The Editors
vii
Contents
1. Some Relationships between Density-Independent Selection and
Density-Dependent Population Growth
Timothy Prout
Introduction ............................................ .
Part I. The Basic Model: Definitions, Assumptions, and
Relationships .................................... 3
Part II. Biological Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Introduction ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Biological Interpretation of the Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Experimental and Observational Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Part III. Census-Stage Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Introduction ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Two-Point Census ...................................... 23
Three-Point Census: Classical Selection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Summary of Two- and Three-Point Censuses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Part IV. Summary and Some Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Summary.............................................. 52
Some Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2. Benefits and Handicaps of Sexual Reproduction
David G. Lloyd
Introduction ............................................ . 69
Intrinsic Cost of Sex ..................................... . 71
Individual Selection in Dioecious Outbreeding Populations ... . 71
Individual Selection in Dioecious Inbreeding Populations .... . 77
Selection between Cosexual and Asexual Individuals ........ . 78
Selection of Populations 82
ix
x Contents
Functional Handicaps of Sex ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Mating Costs .......................................... 83
Failure to Mate ........................................ 85
Infertility Barriers in Sexual Reproduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Stabilization of Superior Genotypes by Asexual Reproduction ... 87
Functional Benefits of Sex ................................. 88
Ecological Features of Sexual Reproduction ................ 89
Developmental Obstacles to Asexual Reproduction. . . . . . . . . . . 89
Male Assistance to Females. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Benefits of Genetically Diverse Offspring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Gene Recombination in Unpredictable Environments. . . . . . . . . 92
Sib Competition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Randomly Generated Linkage Disequilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Recruitment of Protective Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Ecological Benefits from Producing Offspring with Alternative
Parental Roles ................................... 98
Niche Differentiation Reduces Competition between the Sexes. 99
Reduced Competition among Relatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 100
Enhanced Occupation of a Patchy Environment ............. 102
Reduced Variance of Fitness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
Summary ............................................... , 105
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 106
3. Extrachromosomal Genetic Elements and the Adaptive Evolution of
Bacteria
R. B. Davey and D. C. Reanney
Introduction ............................................. 113
Antibiotic Resistance: An Example of Bacterial Evolution. . . . . .. 114
Classes of ECEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 118
Options for Genetic Change in Bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 121
Adaptive Consequences of Extrachromosomal Genetics. . . . . . . .. 124
Genetic Novelty Due to "Illegitimate" DNA/DNA
Interactions within One Cell ....................... , 124
Genetic Novelty Due to DNA Transfer between Cells ........ 130
Further Adaptive Consequences of the Extrachromosomal
State ....................................... , .. .. 134
Integration ......................... , ............... , . . .. 137
Possible Extension to Higher Organisms? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 141
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 142
Contents xi
4. A Functional and Evolutionary Interpretation of Brain Size in
Vertebrates
Henryk Szarski
Introduction ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 149
Review of Some Data ..................................... 151
Mammalian Brains ..................................... 152
Brains of Other Vertebrates .............................. 155
Hypothetical Factors Responsible for Brain Size in Vertebrates .. 157
The Relation of Brain Weight to Body Weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 157
Causes of Brain Increase in the Evolution of Birds and
Mammals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 160
F actors Hindering Increase in Brain Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165
The Sources of Conservatism in the Brain Weight/Body Weight
Ratio in Lower Vertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 167
Some Special Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 168
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 171
5. Isofemale Strains and Evolutionary Strategies in Natural
Populations
Peter A. Parsons
Introduction: Three Approaches to Quantitative Inheritance. . . .. 175
Morphological and Behavioral Traits ........................ 177
Morphological Traits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
Behavioral Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184
Ecological Traits ......................................... 185
Physical Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 185
Resource Utilization and Life Histories .................... 188
Extreme Stresses ......................................... 191
Ethanol .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 191
CO and Anoxia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 192
2
Specific Chemical Stresses ............................... 194
60Co 'Y-Irradiation ...................................... 195
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195
Comparisons among Closely Related Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 196
Quantitative Inheritance and Natural Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 I
Genotype and Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201
A Survey of Traits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204
xii Contents
Metabolic Phenotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 206
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 208
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 210
6. Reproductive Behavior and Mating Success of Male Short-Tailed
Crickets: Differences within and between Demes
Thomas J. Walker
Introduction ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 219
The Short-Tailed Cricket.................................. 221
Demes Studied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 223
Male Calling Stations ..................................... 224
Types of Calling Stations ................................ 225
Determinants of Calling Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225
Survivorship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 236
Male Calling Times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237
Seasons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237
Days. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 238
Hours................................................. 240
Mating Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 241
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 248
Sexual Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 248
Male Reproductive Behavior ............................. 253
Epilogue ................................................ 256
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 257
7. The Jamaican Blackbird: A "Natural Experiment" for Hypotheses
in Socioecology
R. Haven Wiley and Alexander Cruz
Introduction ................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 261
Relationships of Agelaius and Nesopsar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 264
Alternate Explanations .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 265
Habitat ................................................. 266
Foraging Ecology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 269
Territoriality and Monogamy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 273
Parental Care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 275
Intraspecific Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 278
Contents xiii
Socioecology of the Jamaican Blackbird. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 284
"Natural" Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 287
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 289
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 291
Index.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 295