Evolutionary Biology

468 Pages·1993·13.967 MB·English

by  Olivier Rieppel (auth.), Max K. Hecht, Ross J. MacIntyre, Michael T. Clegg (eds.)

Evolutionary
Biology
VOLUME 27
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Evolutionary
Biology
VOLUME 27
Edited by
MAX K. HECHT
Queens College of the
City University of New Yolk
Flushing, New Yolk
ROSS J. MACINTYRE
Cornell University
Ithaca, New Yolk
and
MICHAEL T. CLEGG
University of California, Riverside
Riverside, California
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows:
Evolutionary biology. v. 1- 1967-
New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts.
v. illus. 24 em annual.
Editors: 1967- T. Dobzhansky and others.
1. Evolution-Period. 2. Biology-Period. 1. Dobzhansky, Theodosius
Grigorievich, 19()()
QH366.A1E9 575'.005 67-11961
ISBN 978-1-4613-6248-7 ISBN 978-1-4615-2878-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2878-4
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Origina1ly published by Plenum Press in 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1993
Ali rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanica1, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Mark A. Batzer • Human Genome Center, L-452, Biology and Biotech
nology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551
Robert L. Carroll • Department ofB iology, McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada H3A 1 B1
Dan Cohen • Department ofE volution, Systematics and Ecology, and the
Center of Rationality, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Michael deBraga • Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal,
Quebec, Canada H3A 1B1. Present address: Department ofB iology, Uni
versity of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
Prescott L. Deininger • Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Bi
ology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Loui
siana 70112; and Laboratory ofM olecular Genetics, Alton Ochsner M ed
ical Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121
Jerzy Dzik • Instytut Paleobiologii PAN, Warsaw, Poland 02-189
Niles Eldredge • Department ofI nvertebrates, American Museum ofNat
ural History, New York, New York 10024
Bryan K. Epperson • Department ofB otany and Plant Sciences, University
ofC alifornia, Riverside, California 92521
Susan E. Evans • Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology,
University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England
Paul Gepts • Department ofA gronomy and Range Science, University of
California, Davis, California 95616-8515
Brian K. Hall • Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada
Max K. Hecht • Department ofB iology, Queens College ofC UNY, Flush
ing, New York 11367
Olivier Rieppel • Department of Geology, Field Museum of Natural His
tory, Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496
A vi Shmida • Department ofE volution, Systematics and Ecology, and the
Center of Rationality, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
Moya M. Smith • Division ofA natomy and Cell Biology, United Medical
and Dental Schools of Guy's and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London, SE1
9RT, England
v
Preface
This volume is the twenty-eighth in this series, which includes twenty-seven
numbered volumes and one unnumbered supplement. The editors continue
to focus on critical reviews, commentaries, original papers, and controversies
in evolutionary biology. The topics of the reviews range from anthropology
to zoology and molecular evolution to paleobiology.
Recent volumes have included a broad spectrum of chapters including
population genetics, comparative morphology, developmental evolutionary
biology, molecular phylogenetics, systematics and the history and philosophy
of evolutionary biology.
The editors continue to solicit manuscripts in all areas of evolutionary
biology. Manuscripts should be sent to anyone of the following: Max K.
Hecht, Department of Biology, Queens College of the City University of New
York, Flushing, New York 11367; Ross J. MacIntyre, Department of Genetics
and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Michael
T. Clegg, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521.
vii
Contents
1. The Conceptual Relationship of Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and
Classification: The Taxic Approach
Olivier Rieppel
Introduction ........................................... .
Topology and Homology: "First Principles" in
Comparative Biology .............................. 2
Taxic and Transformational Homology: Is the Mammalian
Stapes a Hyomandibula? ........................... 6
Differentiation versus Terminal Addition .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Von Baer's Laws of "Individual Development" ............. 12
Paedomorphosis and Retrogressive Evolution .............. 15
Ontogenetic Divergence: An Example .................... 18
Taxic Relations versus Developmental Plasticity ............ 20
Discussion: Morphology and Development ................ 26
References .......................................... 28
2. History, Function, and Evolutionary Biology
Niles Eldredge
Introduction ......................................... 33
Evolutionary Biology and Historical Science ............... 35
Causality in Evolutionary Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The Gene's-Eye View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The Biological Basis of Social Systems .................... 43
A Better Way to Go ................................... 47
References .......................................... 49
ix
x Contents
3. The Use of Molecular and Biochemical Markers in Crop
Evolution Studies
Paul Gepts
Introduction ......................................... 51
Methodological Aspects ................................ 53
Sampling of Biological Material ....................... 53
Choice of Marker ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Domestication . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Phaseolus ......................................... 57
Other Crops ....................................... 65
Differentiation between Wild Progenitor and Cultivated
Descendant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Fate of Genetic Diversity during and after Domestication. . . 75
Genetics of Morphological and Physiological Differentiation
between Wild Ancestor and Cultivated Descendant . . . . 77
Discussion .......................................... 79
Conclusions ......................................... 84
References .......................................... 85
4. Recent Advances in Correlation Studies of Spatial Patterns
of Genetic Variation
Bryan K. Epperson
Introduction ......................................... 95
Spatial Structure within Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Isolation by Distance in Large, Continuous Populations .... 98
Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Effects of Dispersal on Spatial Autocorrelations within
Populations under Isolation by Distance ............ 107
Experimental Studies ................................ 110
Multilocus Genetics, Quantitative Traits, and Genetic
Summary Measures under Isolation by Distance ...... 113
Interactions of Spatial Structure with Natural Selection,
Biparental Inbreeding, and Inbreeding Depression . . . . . 115
Spatial Structure among Subpopulations .................. 118
Patterns of Inbreeding and Kinship among Subpopulations
under Isolation by Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Theoretical Spatial Correlations of Gene Frequencies
among Subpopulations-Effects of Migration Patterns
and Rates, and Strength of Outside Systematic
Pressure ...................................... 121
Contents xi
Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics As an Inferential Tool for
Systems of Subpopulations ....................... 126
Spatial Models and Statistical Analyses of Spatial Patterns 130
Spatial Time Series Models of Genetic Drift and
Migration-Spatial and Space-Time Correlation
Analysis ...................................... 133
Uses of Spatial Time Series Models and Spatial and
Space-Time Correlations in Experimental Studies ..... 140
Summary and Conclusions ............................. 143
References .......................................... 149
5. Evolution of Retroposons
Prescott L. Deininger and Mark A. Batzer
Introduction ......................................... 157
Mechanism of Amplification of Retroposons ............... 158
Mammalian SINEs ................................. 158
Nonmammalian SINEs .............................. 163
The Origin of SINEs .................................. 164
7SL and tRNAs .................................... 164
Intermediates in Alu Origins .......................... 164
Species Specificity of SINEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
SINEs As Fusion Families ............................ 167
Older SINEs? ...................................... 167
Evolution of SINEs ................................... 168
Transposon versus Master Gene Models ................ 168
Time and Rate of SINE Insertions in Different Species .. . . . 172
SINE Subfamilies ................................... 173
Recent SINE Insertions .............................. 178
Population Biology and SINE Evolution ................ 180
Uses of SINEs in Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Function and Impact of SINEs .......................... 188
Master Genes and Functions ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
References .......................................... 191
6. The Evolution of Flower Display and Reward
Dan Cohen and Avi Shmida
Introduction: The Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
A General Framework for an Optimal Allocation of Resources
for Display and Reward ......................... . . . 202
Models of Simple Fitness Functions for Optimal RID Ratios .. 204
xii Contents
The Joint Distribution of Reward and Display in Plant
Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
The Effects of Resource Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
The Mathematical Model ............................ 206
The Distribution of the Nectar Yield in Flowers .......... 208
The Optimal Investment in Reward and Display . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
The Display Fitness Function ......................... 211
Modeling Insect Foraging Behavior and Decision Rules .... 213
The Selection Operating on Investment in Reward ........ 216
Discussion: The Behavioral, Ecological, and Evolutionary
Dynamics and Equilibrium in the Flowers-Pollinators
System ......................................... 220
The Evolution of Investment in Reward by Flowers ....... 221
The Evolution of Investment in Display by Flowers and
Its Relation to Nectar Standing Crop ............... 223
The Effects of the Market States: The Effects of the Absolute
and Relative Densities of Pollinators and Flowers ..... 225
The Selection on the Foraging Behavior and Learning of
the Bees ...................................... 228
The Effects of the Size and Number and the Geometrical
Arrangement of Flowers ......................... 229
The Coevolution of Flower Size and Pollinator Size ....... 231
The Main Mechanisms which Determine the Patterns
of Relations between Display and Reward in Nature . . . 233
Conclusions: The Predictions of the Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Flowers ........................................... 235
Pollinators (Bees) ................................... 238
References .......................................... 239
7. The Origin of Mosasaurs As a Model of Macroevolutionary
Patterns and Processes
Michael deBraga and Robert L. Carroll
Introduction ......................................... 245
Relationship of Aigialosaurs among the Varanoidea ......... 253
Enumeration of Evolutionary Change .................... 255
The Primitive Varanid-Aigialosaur Transition ........... 255
The Transition between Aigialosaurs and Primitive
Mosasaurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Evolutionary Change within the Mosasauridae ............. 272