Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes

624 Pages·2012·51.988 MB·English

by  L. David Sibley, Barbara J. Howlett, Joseph Heitman

EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE
IN EUKARYOTIC MICROBES

EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE
IN EUKARYOTIC MICROBES
Edited by
L. DAVID SIBLEY
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO
BARBARA J. HOWLETT
The University of Melbourne
Australia
JOSEPH HEITMAN
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
Front Cover: Top left: Sexual fruiting body of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis the cause of tan spot of wheat (image
credit Kasia Rybak). Top right: Immunofluorescence image of intracellular tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii, a
common opportunistic pathogen of humans (image credit Jennifer Gordon). Bottom left: Zygospore of Mucor
circinelloides, a dimorphic fungal plant pathogen (image credit Soo Chan Lee): used with permission PLoS
Pathog 7(6): e1002086. Bottom right: Intracellular trophozoite of Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of malaria,
within red blood cell (image credit Wandy Beatty).
Back Cover: Top: Electron micrograph of blood stream trypanosomes of Trypanosoma brucei (image credit
Wandy Beatty). Bottom: Yeast and hyphal forms of Candida tropicalis (image credit Ying-Lien Chen)
Copyright © 2012 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under
Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the
Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at
www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions
Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone],
or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in
preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness
of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a
particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials.
The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a
professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any
other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our
Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at
[phone] or fax [phone].
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may
not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at
www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Sibley, L. David.
Evolution of virulence in eukaryotic microbes / editors, L. David Sibley,
Barbara J. Howlett, Joseph Heitman.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-118-03818-5 (hardback)
1. Protista. 2. Eukaryotic cells. 3. Microbial genomics. 4. Virulence
(Microbiology)–Genetic aspects. I. Howlett, Barbara J. II. Heitman, Joseph.
III. Title.
QR74.5.S53 2012
579–dc23
2011051095
Printed in Singapore.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
PART I GENERAL OVERVIEWS 1
 1  Population Genetics and Parasite Diversity  3
Hsiao-Han Chang, Rachel F. Daniels, and Daniel L. Hartl
 2  Evolution of Meiosis, Recombination, and Sexual  
Reproduction in Eukaryotic Microbes  17
Wenjun Li, Elizabeth Savelkoul, Joseph Heitman, and John M. Logsdon, Jr.
 3  Phylogenomic Analysis  44
Andrew J. Roger, Martin Kolisko, and Alastair G. B. Simpson
 4  Phylogenetics and Evolution of Virulence in the Kingdom Fungi  70
Monica A. Garcia-Solache and Arturo Casadevall
PART II POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY
APPROACHES 91
 5  Malaria: Host Range, Diversity, and Speciation  93
Ananias A. Escalante and Francisco J. Ayala
 6  From Population Genomics to Elucidated Traits in  
Plasmodium Falciparum 111
Sarah K. Volkman, Daniel E. Neafsey, Stephen F. Schaffner,
Pardis C. Sabeti, and Dyann F. Wirth
v
vi    CONTENTS
 7  Selective Sweeps in Human Malaria Parasites  124
Xin-zhuan Su and John C. Wootton
 8  Evolution of Drug Resistance in Fungi  143
Jessica A. Hill, Samantha J. Hoot, Theodore C. White, and Leah E. Cowen
 9  Discovery of Extant Sexual Cycles in Human  
Pathogenic Fungi and Their Roles in the Generation  
of Diversity and Virulence  168
Richard J. Bennett and Kirsten Nielsen
10  Worldwide Migrations, Host Shifts, and Reemergence of  
Phytophthora Infestans, the Plant Destroyer  192
Jean Beagle Ristaino
11  Experimental and Natural Evolution of the Cryptococcus
Neoformans and Cryptococcus Gattii Species Complex  208
Alexander Idnurm and Jianping Xu
12  Population Genetics, Diversity, and Spread of Virulence  
in Toxoplasma Gondii 231
Benjamin M. Rosenthal and James W. Ajioka
PART III FORWARD AND REVERSE GENETIC SYSTEMS
FOR DEFINING VIRULENCE 247
13  Genetic Crosses in Plasmodium Falciparum: Analysis of 
Drug Resistance  249
John C. Tan and Michael T. Ferdig
14  Genetic Mapping of Virulence in Rodent Malarias  269
Richard Carter and Richard Culleton
15  Genetic Mapping of Acute Virulence in Toxoplasma Gondii 285
L. David Sibley and John C. Boothroyd
16  Virulence in African Trypanosomes: Genetic and  
Molecular Approaches  307
Annette Macleod, Liam J. Morrison, and Andy Tait
17  The Evolution of Antigenic Variation in African Trypanosomes  324
Andrew P. Jackson and J. David Barry
18  Antigenic Variation, Adherence, and Virulence in Malaria  338
Joseph Smith and Kirk W. Deitsch
19  Invasion Ligand Diversity and Pathogenesis in  
Blood-Stage Malaria  362
Manoj T. Duraisingh, Jeffrey D. Dvorin, and Peter R. Preiser
CONTENTS    vii
PART IV COMPARATIVE “OMICS” APPROACHES
TO DEFINING VIRULENCE 385
20  Evolution of Virulence in Oomycete Plant Pathogens  387
Paul R. J. Birch, Mary E. Coates, and Jim L. Beynon
21  Evolution and Genomics of the Pathogenic Candida 
Species Complex  404
Geraldine Butler, Michael Lorenz, and Neil A. R. Gow
22  Evolution of Entamoeba Histolytica Virulence  422
Upinder Singh and Christopher D. Huston
23  Sex and Virulence in Basidiomycete Pathogens  437
Guus Bakkeren, Emilia K. Kruzel, and Christina M. Hull
24  Emergence of the Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium
Dendrobatidis and Global Amphibian Declines  461
Matthew C. Fisher, Jason E. Stajich, and Rhys A. Farrer
25  Impact of Horizontal Gene Transfer on Virulence of  
Fungal Pathogens of Plants  473
Barbara J. Howlett and Richard P. Oliver
26  Evolution of Plant Pathogenicity in Fusarium Species  485
Li-Jun Ma, H. Corby Kistler, and Martijn Rep
27  Genetic, Genomic, and Molecular Approaches to  
Define Virulence of Aspergillus Fumigatus 501
Laetitia Muszkieta, William J. Steinbach, and Jean-Paul Latge
28  Cryptosporidium: Comparative Genomics and Pathogenesis  518
Satomi Kato and Jessica C. Kissinger
INDEX 545