Evolution of Karst in the Lower Part of Crna Reka River Basin

273 Pages·2016·17.46 MB·English

by  Marjan Temovski (auth.)

Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
Marjan Temovski

Evolution of Karst
in the Lower Part
of Crna Reka
River Basin
Springer Theses
Recognizing Outstanding Ph.D. Research
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Marjan Temovski
Evolution of Karst
in the Lower Part of Crna
Reka River Basin
Doctoral Thesis accepted by
the University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
123
Author Supervisors
Dr. Marjan Temovski Prof. AndrejMihevc
Hertelendi Laboratoryof Environmental Research Centreof the SlovenianAcademy
Studies ofSciences andArts
Institute of Nuclear Research of the KarstResearch Institute
HungarianAcademy of Sciences Postojna
Debrecen Slovenia
Hungary
Prof. Philippe Audra
University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis
Nice
France
ISSN 2190-5053 ISSN 2190-5061 (electronic)
SpringerTheses
ISBN978-3-319-24545-4 ISBN978-3-319-24547-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-24547-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015950911
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Parts of this thesis have been published in the following journal articles:
Temovski M., Audra Ph., Mihevc A., Spangenberg J., Polyak V., McIntosh W.,
BigotJ.-Y.(2013):HypogenicoriginofProvalataCave,RepublicofMacedonia:a
distinct case of successive thermal carbonic and sulfuric acid speleogenesis.
International Journal of Speleology, 42 (3), 235–264, Tampa, FL (USA).
TemovskiM.(2013):KarstinMariovo—extension,characteristicsandimportance.
Proceedings of the Symposium with international participation “Problems and
perspectives of hilly-mountain areas”, 12–15.09.2013, Ohrid, Republic of
Macedonia, Volume 1, 53–62, Macedonian Geographical Society.
TemovskiM., Audra Ph., Spangenberg J.,Mihevc A.(2013):Hypogenic origin of
Cave Provalata. Rare case of successive carbonic and sulfuric acid speleogenesis.
8th IAG International Conference on Geomorphology, 27–31.08.2013, Paris,
France.
TemovskiM.,AudraPh.(2013)EvolutionofCaveProvalata.Remarkableexample
of hypogenic thermal carbonic and sulfuric acid speleogenesis. In: Filippi M.,
Bosák P. (Eds), Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Speleology,
21–28.06.2013, Brno, Czech Republic, Volume 3, 412–417, Czech Speleological
Society, Prague.
Temovski M. (2013): Phantom speleogenesis in a thermal environment. 21st
International Karstological School “Hypogene speleogenesis”, 10–14.06.2013,
Postojna, Slovenia.
TemovskiM.,AudraPh.(2011):CaveProvalata:firstexampleofahypogenecave
in Macedonia. 19th International Karstological School “Dinaric Karst”, 20–
25.06.2011, Postojna, Slovenia.
’
Supervisors Foreword
The thesis of Marjan Temovski is an important milestone, not only regarding the
knowledge of the karst of Macedonia especially lower part of Crna Reka River
Basin, but also more generally regarding advances in karst science.
Firstly, this pioneer work now represents an essential work about the caves and
karst in this lesser studied karst region and using classical and modern methods
gives many new surprising data and details not forgetting the whole picture, the
morphology, and the evolution of karst landscape.
The author’s aim is to give a general overview of the spatial and temporal
evolution of the chosen karst terrain. As the karst surface is missing distinctive
morphology and correlative sediments, the only place to search for the evidence
of the past evolution were caves.
His comprehensive cave inventory with new surveys is integrated within the
mostupdatedapproachesingeomorphology.Sincethisterrainisextremelydifficult
to access without any access to huge areas and deep wild gorges, it will be for
decadesafoundingcontributionthatmaybeusedbyscientist,suchasarcheologists
and hydrogeologists, and by land managers.
Onecanfindinthisbookalltypesofthecavegenesisthatarestudiedpresently
worldwide.
The per ascensum speleogenesis, evidenced by 100-m-high rising phreatic
shafts, is related to an important base-level rise occurring during thePliocene with
the filling of basins by volcaniclastic materials. It implies first that 1000-m-deep
gorgespreexistedbeforethisburyingeventandthatthecurrentlandscapedynamic
correspondstoanongoingexhumationandrejuvenationofthepaleolandscape.The
problematicofthepossibleinfluenceoftheMessinianSalinityCrisisthattriggered
the incision along the neighboring Vardar valleys is under investigation. The
occurrence of deep phreatic “vauclusian” springs along the Vardar and its tribu-
taries and the evidence of a major pre-Pliocene incision phase point toward an
important impact of the Messinian event in the landscape building. Ongoing
thoughts are currently orientated to include this geomorphologic process for the
understandingoftheNeogenebasinsevolution,whichwereonlyconsideredbefore
vii
viii Supervisors’Foreword
from the tectonic point of view. This base-level rise is not only responsible of the
origin of deep phreatic cave passages: Aggradation phases first filled caves pro-
ducing paragenetic features before complete burying, and then, new cave systems
developed from allogenic runoff onto volcano-clastic covers following the pro-
gressive clearing of the thick plio-quaternary covers. Timing of main events is
basedondating(Ar/Ar,U/U,paleomagnetism),allowingnotonlytodateProvalata
caveactivityandBudimiricacavefilling,butalsohelpingtotrackthemainphases
of landscape evolution connected to the Crna valley incisions and fillings, espe-
cially the Mariovo Lake draining.
The genesis of caves by ghost-rock weathering is a hot subject within the karst
community,wherespecialistsaredebatingabouttheoriginofthefluidsresponsible
of this weathering, i.e., from the surface or from deep origin. Marjan Temovski
displays here an important example of hypogene ghost-weathering in dolomitic
marbles, where rising hydrothermal fluids first weathered the rock along fractures
producingghost-rock,beforethissoftmaterialhasbeenwashedawaybyturbulent
flow to produce the cave as it can be observed now. It will be an important
contribution to the ongoing debate.
The most outstanding result concerns the sulfuric acid speleogenesis (SAS) in
Provalata Cave, which has been dated using Ar/Ar method on alunite and jarosite
byproducts of SAS.
Numerous other results are important and some have to be published. Several
aspectsareannouncingfuturemajoradvances,namelythehypogenicspeleogenesis
around sulfidic ores, the tracking of the Messinian Crisis milestones, and the cor-
responding outlooks on Macedonian geomorphology which has been deeply
renewed.
Postojna Prof. Andrej Mihevc
Nice Prof. Philippe Audra
May 2015
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my gratitude to everyone who helped and supported me
during my doctorate studies.
Iwouldespeciallyliketothankthementors,Dr.AndrejMihevcandDr.Philippe
Audra, for their continuous support and numerous discussions, suggestions, and
advicesofscientificandpersonalnature,aswellasprovidingmewithpossibilities
of analyses, scientific contacts, and scholarships. I would also like to thank
Dr. Pavel Bosak and Dr. Nadja Zupan Hajna for the fruitful discussions and help
with paleomagnetic dating of sediments. A special thanks and acknowledgment
goestoDr.AndrejKranjcforhiscontinuoussupportofyoungkarstologists,willing
tohelpwheneverpossible.IamgratefultotheKarstResearchInstituteinPostojna
and its members and employees for their hospitality, companionship, and discus-
sions, making my visits in Postojna always pleasant.
Forsupportandhelpwithfieldwork,IwouldliketothankZlatkoAngeleskiand
otherfellowcaversfromSKZlatovrv—Prilep:DarkoNedanoski,DarkoJovanoski,
and Mario Andonoski. Cavers and mountaineers from PSD Orle—Kavadarci,
especially Nikola Minčorov and Jože Zmajšek are thanked for unselfish sharing of
cave maps and locations. I would also like to thank SD Peoni—Skopje for pro-
viding me with coordinates and cave map of Živovska Propast.
I am extremely grateful to my parents Dragan and Biljana Temovski and my
brother Ivan Temovski, for their unselfish and continuous support throughout my
life and during my doctorate studies.
ThisworkwaspartlyfundedbytheAdFuturaScholarshipforforeigndoctorate
students in Slovenia (No. 11011-2/2009), and therefor I would like to thank the
Slovene Human Resources Development and Scholarship Fund (Javni sklad
Republike Slovenije za razvoj kadrov in štipendije) for their support.
I would also like to thank the French Institute in Slovenia for receiving French
GovernmentGrantin2010(No.702376F) and2013(No.786060J),whichfunded
my research stay in Nice, France.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Goals, Objectives and Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 General Overview of the Research Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Geographical Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Previous Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Geological Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3.1 Pre-Cenozoic Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3.2 Main Tectonic Structures in the Pre-Cenozoic Rocks. . . . . 11
2.3.3 Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Tectonics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 General Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 Hydrography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7 Karst Extension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.1 Karst Evolution and Speleogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.2 Epigenic Speleogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.3 Hypogenic Speleogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.4 Karst and Caves in Conglomerates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 Research Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.1 Morphological Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2.2 Sediment Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.3 Water Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.4 Cartographic Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
xi