Evidence-Based Treatments for Trauma Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents

513 Pages·2017·6.04 MB·English

by  Markus A. Landolt

Evidence-Based
Treatments for Trauma
Related Disorders in
Children and Adolescents
Markus A. Landolt
Marylène Cloitre
Ulrich Schnyder
Editors
123
Evidence-Based Treatments for Trauma
Related Disorders in Children and
Adolescents
Markus A. Landolt • Marylène Cloitre
Ulrich Schnyder
Editors
Evidence-Based
Treatments for Trauma
Related Disorders in
Children and Adolescents
Editors
Markus A. Landolt Ulrich Schnyder
Department of Psychosomatics Department of Psychiatry
and Psychiatry and Psychotherapy
University Children’s Hospital University Hospital Zurich
University of Zurich Zurich
Zurich Switzerland
Switzerland
Marylène Cloitre
Division of Dissemination and Training
National Center for PTSD
Palo Alto, CA
USA
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Stanford University
Palo Alto, CA
USA
ISBN 978-3-319-46136-6 ISBN 978-3-319-46138-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-46138-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017930960
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology
now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature
The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
This book is the result of many years of collaboration among the editors and the
contributing authors, and it is designed to be the standard handbook of treatment of
trauma-related disorders in children and adolescents. It has been written for clinical
psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and other clinicians who want to
understand more about traumatic stress in children and the treatment of its mental
health consequences. In contrast to other books which present single approaches,
this volume gives an in-depth overview of all the currently available treatment
approaches that are either evidence-based or at least evidence-supported. We hope
that our book will stimulate further dissemination of these treatments in clinical
practice all over the world.
We would like to thank the many people who helped to write this book. First of
all, we are very grateful to all the wonderful authors of the chapters, of whom many
are among the leading clinicians and researchers in their fields. Not only did the
authors submit their manuscripts in a timely fashion, they were also very responsive
to our editorial feedback and suggestions. We also thank Springer International for
giving us the opportunity to publish this book and for the support throughout the
publishing process.
But most of all, we thank all the children, adolescents, and their families who
shared their stories with us and taught us so much about childhood trauma and how
to overcome its repercussions. This book is dedicated to them.
Zurich, Switzerland Markus A. Landolt
Palo Alto, CA, USA Marylène Cloitre
Zurich, Switzerland Ulrich Schnyder
v
Contents
Part I Basics
1 The Diagnostic Spectrum of Trauma- Related Disorders
in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Lutz Goldbeck and Tine K. Jensen
2 Epidemiology of Trauma and Trauma- Related Disorders
in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Shaminka Gunaratnam and Eva Alisic
3 Childhood Trauma as a Public Health Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Hilary K. Lambert, Rosemary Meza, Prerna Martin, Eliot Fearey,
and Katie A. McLaughlin
4 Applying Evidence-Based Assessment to Childhood Trauma
and Bereavement: Concepts, Principles, and Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Christopher M. Layne, Julie B. Kaplow, and Eric A. Youngstrom
5 Psychological and Biological Theories of Child and Adolescent
Traumatic Stress Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Julian D. Ford and Carolyn A. Greene
Part II Interventions
6 Preventative Early Intervention for Children and Adolescents
Exposed to Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Alexandra C. De Young and Justin A. Kenardy
7 The Child and Family Traumatic Stress Intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Carrie Epstein, Hilary Hahn, Steven Berkowitz, and Steven Marans
8 Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Matthew D. Kliethermes, Kate Drewry, and Rachel Wamser-Nanney
9 Cognitive Therapy for PTSD in Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . 187
Sean Perrin, Eleanor Leigh, Patrick Smith, William Yule, Anke Ehlers,
and David M. Clark
vii
viii Contents
10 Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Adolescents with PTSD:
Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Sandy Capaldi, Laurie J. Zandberg, and Edna B. Foa
11 Narrative Exposure Therapy for Children and Adolescents
(KIDNET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Maggie Schauer, Frank Neuner, and Thomas Elbert
12 STAIR Narrative Therapy for Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Omar G. Gudiño, Skyler Leonard, Allison A. Stiles,
Jennifer F. Havens, and Marylène Cloitre
13 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
(EMDR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Francine Shapiro, Debra Wesselmann, and Liesbeth Mevissen
14 Attachment, Self-Regulation, and Competency (ARC) . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Margaret E. Blaustein and Kristine M. Kinniburgh
15 Child-Parent Psychotherapy: An Evidence-Based Treatment
for Infants and Young Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Vilma Reyes, Barclay Jane Stone, Miriam Hernandez Dimmler,
and Alicia F. Lieberman
16 Parent-Child Interaction Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Robin H. Gurwitch, Erica Pearl Messer, and Beverly W. Funderburk
17 Trauma Systems Therapy for Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . 363
Adam Brown, Christina Laitner, and Glenn Saxe
18 Pharmacological Treatment for Children and Adolescents
with Trauma-Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Julia Huemer, Michael Greenberg, and Hans Steiner
Part III Settings
19 Interventions in Medical Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Meghan L. Marsac, Aimee K. Hildenbrand, and Nancy Kassam-Adams
20 Trauma-Informed Care in Inpatient and Residential Settings . . . . . . 427
Jennifer F. Havens and Mollie Marr
21 Juvenile Justice and Forensic Settings: The TARGET
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Julian D. Ford
22 School-Based Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Thormod Idsoe, Atle Dyregrov, and Kari Dyregrov
Contents ix
23 Treating and Preventing Psychological Trauma of Children
and Adolescents in Post-Conflict Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Anselm Crombach, Sarah Wilker, Katharin Hermenau,
Elizabeth Wieling, and Tobias Hecker
Part IV Summary and Conclusions
24 How to Treat Children and Adolescents with Trauma-Related
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Markus A. Landolt, Marylène Cloitre, and Ulrich Schnyder
Introduction
Background
Exposure to potentially traumatic events such as physical maltreatment, sexual
abuse, injury, natural disasters, war, and terrorism is far more prevalent among chil-
dren and adolescents than many of us might expect. Studies all over the world have
shown that more than half of the child and adolescent population will have experi-
enced one or more potentially traumatic events by the time they reach adulthood
(Copeland et al. 2007; Landolt et al. 2013; McLaughlin et al. 2013). In countries
with on-going wars, in post-conflict areas, and in regions affected by large-scale
natural disasters or chronic community violence, these figures are even higher (e.g.,
Karsberg and Elklit 2012). Depending on various risk factors a significant propor-
tion of children exposed to such events go on to develop trauma-related psychologi-
cal disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (Alisic et al. 2014).
Research has shown that exposure to trauma – especially when it occurs at a
young age and when chronic – and suffering from trauma-related disorders can be
associated with significant deterioration of mental and physical health across the
lifespan (e.g., Kessler et al. 2010; McLaughlin et al. 2012). Consequently, child-
hood trauma and its effects are nowadays a major public health issue across the
globe. Prevention of trauma is the most important measure to reduce the number of
trauma-exposed children and the prevalence of trauma-related disorders.
Unfortunately, even the best measures will never prevent all children from experi-
encing exposure to trauma. To avoid long-term consequences for the individual as
well as society, it is crucial to identify traumatized children as early as possible and
to treat them with effective methods as soon as possible.
In the last two decades, many treatment approaches have been developed for
children and adolescents who suffer from trauma-related disorders. Some of these
approaches have been studied with regard to their effectiveness, and many of them
have not or not yet. Today, the number of published books and articles describing
specific treatment methods for children is so large that it is extremely difficult for a
clinician to get an overview without feeling overwhelmed. Which are evidence-
based or at least evidence-informed treatment methods and which are not? How do
the different treatment approaches work? Are they useful for all ages and all types
of trauma-related disorders? In other words, while there is a huge literature on
xi
xii Introduction
treatment of child trauma, there is, to date, no comprehensive overview of the dif-
ferent treatment approaches which would allow a clinician to answer some of the
above questions. As clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, and
other professionals working with traumatized children and adolescents in various
settings, we need a handbook on the treatment of trauma-related disorders in which
different empirically supported methods are presented and discussed. Such a clini-
cal guide can, of course, never replace formal training in a specific treatment method
but can provide an in-depth description of different approaches and their supporting
evidence. Based on this information, the individual clinician can then select and
complete formal training in those methods that are most appropriate for their work
setting and the population they treat.
When we began planning this book, it was our vision to fill this gap and to bring
together as many leaders in the field as possible to present the current evidence-
based and promising evidence-informed treatment approaches for trauma-related
disorders in children and adolescents. In addition, it seemed important to provide a
big picture framework regarding childhood trauma as a public health issue and
recognition that the types of treatments that are effective and their delivery are
likely to differ in different settings. Now, with this book written, we are confident
that this goal has been reached. This volume gives a comprehensive overview of
basic concepts for understanding trauma in childhood and adolescence and of cur-
rent knowledge on the treatment of trauma-related disorders in youth. It is our hope
that it will stimulate dissemination of evidence-based treatments among practitio-
ners, since many children with trauma-related disorders are still not treated appro-
priately or at all.
Content of This Book
Part I (“Basics”) of this book provides the background and the basic concepts for
understanding trauma in childhood and adolescence. The first chapter presents the
diagnostic spectrum of trauma-related disorders in children and adolescents with
reference to DSM-5 and the soon to be published ICD-11. Chapter 2 gives a com-
prehensive overview of epidemiological findings on trauma exposure and trauma-
related disorders in youth. Chapter 3 discusses the public health issues that go along
with the considerably high numbers of children who are exposed to trauma and who
suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder or other trauma-related disorders. Chapter
4 presents concepts, principles, and standardized practices of evidence-based
assessment of trauma-related disorders in youth. In the last chapter of this first part
of this book, an overview of the current psychological and biological theories of
traumatic stress disorders in children and adolescents is given (Chap. 5).
Part II (“Interventions”) contains 13 chapters and is the core part of this book. It
presents the currently available and empirically supported psychological treatments
for children and adolescents with trauma-related disorders. We are very pleased that
most of these chapters are authored by the developers of these treatments. The first