Evidence-based Ophthalmology PDF
Preview Evidence-based Ophthalmology
Evidence-based Ophthalmology Evidence-based Ophthalmology Edited by Richard Wormald Consultant Ophthalmologist, Moorfields Eye Hospital, Honorary Senior Lecturer, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Coordinating Editor, Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, London, UK Liam Smeeth Senior Lecturer in Clinical Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, General Practitioner, London and Editor, Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, London, UK Katherine Henshaw Review Group Coordinator, Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, London, UK With research by Anupa Shah Trial Search Coordinator, Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group, London, UK 0 BMJ Publishing Group 2004 BMJ Books is an imprint of the BMJ Publishing Group All rights reserv ed. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. First published in 2004 by BMJ Books, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WC1 H 9JR www. bmjb ooks.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7279 1443 X Typeset by SlVA Math Setters, Chennai, India Printed and bound by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall Cont ents Contributors ix Preface xiii Evidence-based Ophthalmology CD Rom xiv Glossary xv Section I: The basics 1 1 Finding the evidence 3 Kay Dickersin 2 Synthesising the evidence 7 Jennifer Evans 3 Evidence in practice 11 Richard Wormald Section II: Primary care 15 Aziz Sheikh, Editor Allergic conjunctivitis 17 4 Christopher G Owen, Katherine Henshaw, Liam Smeeth, Aziz Sheikh 5 Acute bacterial conjunctivitis 33 Aziz Sheikh 6 Viral conjunctivitis 37 Hazel Everitt 7 Screening older people for impaired vision 41 Liam Smeeth Section 111: Paediatrics and ocular motility 45 Jugnoo S Rahi, Clare Gilbert, Editors 8 Congenital and infantile cataract 47 Jugnoo S Rahi 9 Congenital glaucoma 53 Maria Papadopoulos, PT Khaw 10 Retinopathy of prematurity 57 Clare Gilbert 11 Ophthalmia neonatorum 71 Jane Moseley Evidence-based Ophthalmology 12 Unilateral amblyopia 81 Cathy Williams 13 Infantile esotropia 87 Lorraine Cassidy, Jugnoo S Rahi 14 Accommodative esotropia 91 Michael Clarke 15 Childhood exotropia 95 Sarah Richardson, Lawrence Gnanaraj 16 Prevention of myopia progression 101 Ian Flitcrofr Section IV: Adnexal 109 Michael J Wearne, Editor 17 Entropion and ectropion 111 Kostas G Boboridis, Michael J Wearne 18 Thyroid eye disease 115 Michael J Wearne, Silvia Wengrowicz 19 Lacrimal obstruction 119 Knidh Paler4 Andrew K Robson, Michael Bearn Section V: Cornea and external disease 123 Linda Ficker, Editor 20 Trachoma 125 Denise Mabey 21 Corneal abrasion and recurrent erosion 129 David FAnderson 22 Herpes simplex keratitis 137 Alonso Rodriguez 23 Suppurative keratitis 145 Stephanie L Watson Section VI: Uveitis 155 Carlos Pavesio, Editor 24 Ocular toxoplasmosis 157 Carlos Pavesio 25 Onchocerciasis 161 Henry @ere 26 Idiopathic (autoimmune) sight-threatening uveitis 167 Philip I Murray vi Contents 27 Cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS 175 Adnan Tufail 28 Anterior uveitis 191 Nicholas P Jones Section VII: Glaucoma 195 Richard Wormald, Editor 29 Primary open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension 197 Richard Wormald, Rajiv Shah 30 Acute and chronic angle closure glaucoma 205 Richard Wormald,R ajiv Shah 3 1 Modification of wound healing in glaucoma drainage surgery 21 1 JF Kirwan, Richard Wormald Section VIII: Cataract 219 Emma Hollick, Editor 32 Cataract surgical techniques 22 1 Jodhbir S Mehta 33 Intraocular lens implant biocompatibility 243 Emma Hollick 34 Multifocal and monofocal intraocular lenses 259 Martin Leyland 35 Perioperative management of cataract surgery 269 Kncenzo Maurino Section IX: Retinal diseases 287 Bill Aylward, Editor 36 Age-related macular degeneration 289 Jennifer Evans 37 Treatment of lattice degeneration and asymptomatic retinal breaks to prevent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 30 1 Charles P Wilkinson 38 Surgery for proliferative vitreoretinopathy 303 David G Charteris 39 Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 307 Graham Duguid, Sarit Lesnik-Oberstein 40 Surgical management of full-thicknessm acular hole 317 Eric Ezra 4 1 Retinal vein occlusion 323 Heather Baldwin vii Evidence-based Ophthalmology Section X: Diabetic retinopathy 329 Bernd Richter, Editor 42 Medical interventions for diabetic retinopathy 33 1 Bernd Richtet; Eva Kohner 43 Photocoagulation for sight threatening diabetic retinopathy 34 1 Jonathan GF Dowler 44 Vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy 347 Paul Sullivan, Alistair Laidlaw Section XI: Neuro-ophthalmology 35 1 James Acheson, Editor 45 Optic neuritis 353 Simon J Hickman 46 Arteritic and non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy 35 7 Ahmed Toosy 47 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 363 Christian J Lueck, Gawn G Mcllwaine 48 Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathies 367 Fion Bremner 49 Traumatic optic neuropathy 37 1 Andrew S Jacks Section XII: Ophthalmic oncology 373 Arun D Singh, Editor 50 Ocular adnexal and orbital tumours 375 Santosh G Honavar; Arun D Singh 5 1 Uveal melanoma 383 Arun D Singh, Paul A Rundle, Ian G Rennie 52 Retinoblastoma 387 Arun D Singh Section XIII: Rehabilitation 393 Gary Rubin, Editor 53 Vision rehabilitation 395 Gay Rubin Index 40 1 viii Cont rib ut ors Section editors Arun D Singh Wills Eye Hospital James Acheson Oncology Service Moorfields Eye Hospital Philadelphia and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery Pennsylvania, USA London, UK Michael J Wearne Bill Aylward Department of Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital Eastbourne District Hospital London, UK Eastbourne, UK Linda Ficker Other contributors No address supplied David F Anderson Moorfields Eye Hospital Clare Gilbert London, UK International Centre for Eye Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Heather Baldwin London, UK St Thomas’ Hospital London, UK Emma Hollick Moorfields Eye Hospital Michael Bearn London, UK Department of Ophthalmology Cumberland Infirmary Carlos Pavesio Carlisle, UK Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK Kostas G Boboridis Department of Ophthalmology Jugnoo S Rahi Oculoplastic Service Clinical Senior Lecturer in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, AHEPA University Hospital Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Ophthalmology, Greece Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital and Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Fion Bremner London, UK National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and Moorfields Eye Hospital London, UK Bernd Richter Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group Lorraine Cassidy Medizinische Einrichtungen The Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin, Ireland and Heinrich-Heine Universitaet The Adelaide and Meath Hospital Incorporating the National Germany Children’s Hospital University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Gary Rubin Division of Rehabilitation Research David G Charteris Institute of Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital London, UK London, UK Aziz Sheikh Michael Clarke Professor of Primary Care Research and Development Children’s Eye Clinic and Orthoptic Department Department of Community Health Sciences Claremont Wing University of Edinburgh Royal Victoria Infirmary Edinburgh, UK Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK ix Evidence-based Ophthalmology Kay Dickersin Santosh G Honavar Center for Clinical Trials and Evidence-based Healthcare Division of Plastic and Orbital Surgery Brown University Medical School LV Prasad Eye Institute Providence, Rhode Island Banjara Hills USA Hyderabad, India Andrew S Jacks Jonathan GF Dowler Centre for Defence Medicine International Centre for Eye Health Selly Oak Hospital London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Birmingham, UK London, UK Nicholas P Jones Graham Duguid The Royal Eye Hospital Western Eye Hospital Manchester, UK London, UK PT Khaw Henry Ejere Wound Healing Research Unit International Health Division Glaucoma Unit and Department of Pathology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Moorfields Eye Hospital and Institute of Ophthalmology Liverpool, UK London, UK Jennifer Evans JK Kirwan International Department of Epidemiology Portsmouth NHS Trust and Eye Health Portsmouth, UK Institute of Ophthalmology London, UK Eva Kohner St Thomas’ Hospital Hazel Everitt London, UK Primary Medical Care Aldermoor Health Centre Alistair Laidlaw Aldermoor Close St Thomas’s Hospital Southampton, UK London, UK Eric Ezra Sa rit Lesnik -0b erstein Moorfields Eye Hospital Moorfields Eye Hospital London, UK London, UK Ian Flitcroft Martin Leyland Department of Ophthalmology Royal Berkshire Hospital NHS Trust Mater Misericordiae Hospital and the Children’s Reading, Berkshire, UK University Hospital Dublin, Ireland Christian J Lueck The Canberra Hospital Canberra, Australia Lawrence Gnanaraj Department of Ophthalmology Royal Victoria Infirmary Denise Mabey Newcastle upon Tyne, UK St Thomas’ Hospital London, UK Simon J Hickman NMR Research Unit Vincenzo Maurino Institute of Neurology Moorfield s Eye Hospital University College London London, UK and Department of Neuro-ophthalmology Gawn G Mcllwaine Moorfields Eye Hospital Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion London, UK Edinburgh, UK X Contributors Sheffield, UK Jodhbir S Mehta Moorfields Eye Hospital Anupa Shah London, UK Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group London, UK Jane Moseley The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Rajiv Shah Moorfields Eye Hospital London, UK London, Uk Philip I Murray Paul Sullivan Academic Unit of Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital Division of Immunity and Infection London, Uk University of Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre Birmingham, UK Ahmed Toosy NMR Research Unit Christopher G Owen Institute of Neurology Department of Community Health Sciences University College London St George’s Hospital Medical School London, UK and London, UK Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital Vinidh Paleri London, UK Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Freeman Hospital Adnan Tufail Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Corneal and External Diseases Moorfields Eye Hospital Maria Papadopoulos London, UK Glaucoma Unit Moorfields Eye Hospital Stephanie L Watson London, UK Corneal and External Diseases Moorfields Eye Hospital Ian G Rennie London, UK Department of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics Royal Hallamshire Hospital Silvia Wengrowiu Sheffield, UK Department of Endocrinology Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Sarah Richardson Autonomous University of Barcelona Department of Ophthalmology Orthoptics Spain Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Charles P Wilkinson Greater Baltimore Medical Center and Johns Hopkins University Andrew K Robson Baltimore Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Maryland Cumberland Infirmary USA Carlisle, UK Cathy Williams Alonso Rodriguez Bristol Eye Hospital and Departments of Child Health Cornea and External Disease Department and Ophthalmology Moorfields Eye Hospital University of Bristol London, UK Bristol, UK Paul A Rundle Department of Ophthalmology and Orthoptics Royal Hallamshire Hospital xi
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