Evidence-Based Eye Care PDF
Preview Evidence-Based Eye Care
(c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. SECTION I CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HEALTH ECONOMICS EVIDENCE-BASED 1 EYChEap tCer TAitleRE Second Edition EDITED BY Author Name, MD, Author Name, MD Peter J. Kertes, MD, CM, FRCSC Vitreoretinal Surgeon Ophthalmologist-in-Chief The John and Liz Tory Eye Centre Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center Professor of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences The University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada T. Mark Johnson, MD, FRCSC Attending Surgeon Retina Group of Washington Chevy Chase, Maryland (c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. 76384_FM_pi-xvi.indd 1 19/07/13 9:08 PM Acquisitions Editor: Ryan Shaw Product Manager: Kate Marshall Vendor Manager: Bridgett Dougherty Senior Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh Designer: Stephen Druding Production Service: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. © 2014 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, a WOLTERS KLUWER business Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA LWW.com First edition, © 2007 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Mate- rials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Evidence-based eye care (Kertes) Evidence-based eye care / edited by Peter J. Kertes, T. Mark Johnson. — Second edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4511-7638-4 (hardback) I. Kertes, Peter J., editor of compilation. II. Johnson, T. Mark (Thomas Mark), 1969- editor of compilation. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Eye Diseases. 2. Evidence-Based Medicine. 3. Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic. WW 140] RE48 617.7—dc23 2013028387 Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of the informa- tion in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner. The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recom- mended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in the publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascer- tain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice. To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 223-2320. International customers should call (301) 223-2300. Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet at: LWW.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. 76384_FM_pi-xvi.indd 2 23/07/13 8:31 PM THIS bOOK IS DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF MY PARENTS, HILDA AND PAuL, wHOSE LIvES AND LOvE wERE AN INSPIRATION TO ME AND SuSTAIN ME EvEN NOw. –PETER J. KERTES (c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. 76384_FM_pi-xvi.indd 3 19/07/13 9:08 PM CONTRIbuTORS Mark O. baerlocher, MD, FRCPC Emily Y. Chew, MD Department of Radiology Deputy Director of Division of Epidemiology and Royal Victoria Hospital Clinical Applications Barrie, Ontario Clinical Trials Branch Canada National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Department of Interventional Radiology Health University of California, San Diego Bethesda, Maryland La Jolla, California Dean Eliott, MD Iris ben-bassat Mizrachi, MD Associate Professor Physician Department of Ophthalmology Goldschleger Eye Institute Harvard Medical School Sheba, Medical Center Associate Director, Retina Service Ramat-Gan, Israel Department of Ophthalmology Goldschleger Eye Center Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Tel-Aviv University Boston, Massachusetts Tel-Aviv, Israel Ayad A. Farjo, MD Robert J. Campbell, MD, MSc, FRCSC Assistant Clinical Professor Associate Professor and Deputy Head Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Department of Ophthalmology Sciences Queen’s University University of Wisconsin Hotel Dieu Hospital Hospitals and Clinics Kingston, Ontario, Canada Madison, Wisconsin Ophthalmologist Antonio Capone, MD Brighton Vision Center Institution Associated Retinal Consultants Brighton, Michigan Department of Ophthalmology William Beaumont Hospital Qais A. Farjo, MD Royal Oak, Michigan Director of Corneal and Refractive Surgery Vision Associates Clara C. Chan, MD, FRCSC, FACS Toledo, Ohio Lecturer Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sharon Fekrat, MD, FACS Sciences Associate Professor University of Toronto Ophthalmology Ophthalmologist Duke University School of Medicine Cornea, Anterior Segment, Cataract & Refractive Vitreoretinal Surgeon Surgery Duke University Eye Center Toronto Western Hospital Private Diagnostic Clinic St. Michael’s Hospital Duke University Hospital Kensington Eye Institute Chief Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ophthalmology Durham VA Medical Center Emmanuel Chang, MD, PhD Durham, North Carolina Associated Retinal Consultants Department of Ophthalmology William Beaumont Hospital Royal Oak, Michigan v (c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. 76384_FM_pi-xvi.indd 5 19/07/13 9:08 PM vi ■ Contributors Harmeet S. Gill, MD, FRCSC Robert A. Kersten, MD, FACS Lecturer Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences Department of Ophthalmology University of Toronto University of California San Francisco Oculofacial Plastic Surgeon Attending Physician Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Kensington Eye Institute University of California San Francisco Medical Toronto, Ontario, Canada Center San Francisco, California Paul Hahn, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Raymond T. Kraker, MSPH Ophthalmology Director, PEDIG Coordinating Center Duke University School of Medicine Jaeb Center for Health Research Durham, North Carolina Tampa, Florida Vitreoretinal Surgeon Duke University Eye Center william F. Mieler, MD Private Diagnostic Clinic Professor and Vice-Chairman Duke University Hospital Department of Ophthalmology Durham, North Carolina University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois Seenu M. Hariprasad, MD Assistant Professor and Director of Clinical Research Stephen A. McNutt, MD Chief Resident Vitreoretinal Service Program Director Cole Eye Institute Fellowship in Vitreoretinal Surgery Cleveland Clinic Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology and Cleveland, Ohio Visual Science benjamin Nicholson, MD University of Chicago Staff Fellow Chicago, Illinois National Eye Institute Hussein Hollands, MD, FRCSC, MSc (Epid) National Institutes of Health Private Practice Bethesda, Maryland Vernon, British Columbia, Canada Jason Noble, MD, FRCSC, DAbO Simon Hollands, MD, MSc (Epid) Lecturer Toronto, Ontario, Canada Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Jonathan M. Holmes, bM, bCh University of Toronto Joseph E. and Rose Marie Green Professor of Staff Ophthalmologist Visual Sciences Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Mayo Clinic Toronto, Ontario, Canada Rochester, Minnesota Louis E. Probst, MD T. Mark Johnson, MD, FRCSC National Medical Director Attending Surgeon TLC The Laser Eye Centers Retina Group of Washington Chicago, Illinois Chevy Chase, Maryland Michael X. Repka, MD, MbA Peter K. Kaiser, MD David L Guyton MD and Feduniak Family Chany Family Endowed Chair in Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology Research Professor of Pediatrics Professor of Ophthalmology Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Vitreoretinal Staff Baltimore, Maryland Cole Eye institute Cleveland, Ohio (c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. 76384_FM_pi-xvi.indd 6 23/07/13 8:31 PM Contributors ■ vii Sanjay Sharma, MD, MS (Epid), Daniel warder, MD FRCSC, MbA Resident Professor Queen’s University Research Director Resident Department of Ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology Queen’s University Hotel Dieu Hospital Professor Kingston, Ontario, Canada Department of Epidemiology Patrick T. Yang, MD Queen’s University Resident Kingston, Ontario, Canada Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Ernest Rand Simpson, MD, FRCSC Sciences Associate Professor University of Toronto Department of Ophthalmology Toronto, Ontario, Canada University of Toronto Yoshihiro Yonekawa, MD Director of Ocular Oncology Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Department of Surgical Oncology Harvard Medical School Princess Margaret Hospital Boston, Massachusetts University Health Network Toronto, Ontario, Canada Jonathan D. Trobe, MD Professor of Ophthalmology and Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan (c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. 76384_FM_pi-xvi.indd 7 19/07/13 9:08 PM FOREwORD The first edition of Evidence-Based Eye Care edition, the editors and authors have provided offered an important and comprehensive updates on clinical epidemiology and health compilation of clinical studies of eye diseases, economics. They have added a valuable chapter including cornea and external disease, glau- on statistics, recognizing that today’s clinicians coma, neuro-ophthalmology, oculoplastics, must have a basic understanding of statistical ocular oncology, and retinal diseases like dia- analyses in order to evaluate published trials. betic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and Moreover, the second edition offers important macular degeneration. As practicing c linicians, new information for early age-related macular we all strive to provide our patients with degeneration and retinal artery occlusion. This evidence-based medicine, utilizing clinical trial edition provides a truly broad scope of clinical results and clinical observations. Depending trials across all subspecialties of ophthalmol- on the disease, questions about management ogy. The text is relevant for all practicing oph- may be addressed using double-masked, con- thalmologists and students of ophthalmology trolled clinical trials—the “gold standard”— and is an essential resource given the emerging but not every question can be studied in this importance of recertification. Congratulations way. It is important for clinicians to understand to the authors and editors for such a wonder- the level of evidence for their approach to ful addition to the ophthalmologist’s reference patient care and recognize that new technolo- library. gies and experimental medicine may change Joan W. Miller, MD their understanding of disease and choice of Henry Willard Williams Professor of Ophthalmology therapy. The first edition of Evidence-Based Eye Chair, Department of Ophthalmology Care provided an important foundation for cli- Harvard Medical School nicians, describing the different methodologies Chief of Ophthalmology of clinical research and the skills required for Massachusetts Eye and Ear critical reading of the literature. In the second Massachusetts General Hospital ix (c) 2015 Wolters Kluwer. All Rights Reserved. 76384_FM_pi-xvi.indd 9 19/07/13 9:08 PM
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