Table Of Content

Evidence-based Dermatology Edited by Hywel Williams Michael Bigby, Thomas Diepgen Andrew Herxheimer, Luigi Naldi, Berthold Rzany Evidence-based Dermatology Evidence-based Dermatology Edited by Hywel Williams Centre of Evidence-Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, UK Associate editors Michael Bigby Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Boston, USA Thomas Diepgen University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany Andrew Herxheimer Cochrane Skin Group, UK Luigi Naldi Department of Dermatology, Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo, Italy Berthold Rzany Centre for Evidence-based Medicine in Dermatology, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany © BMJ Publishing Group 2003 BMJ Books is an imprint of the BMJ Publishing Group All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. First published in 2003 by BMJ Books, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London WC1H 9JR www.bmjbooks.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7279 14421 Typeset by SIVA Math Setters, Chennai, India Printed and bound in Malaysia by Times Offset Contents Contributors ix Preface xv Foreword xvii Part 1: The concept of evidence-based dermatology 1 Editor: Andrew Herxheimer 1. The field and its boundaries 3 Luigi Naldi 2. The rationale for evidence-based dermatology 9 Hywel Williams and Michael Bigby 3. The role of the consumer in evidence-based dermatology 16 Andrew Herxheimer and Maxine Whitton 4. The Cochrane Skin Group 24 Tina Leonard, Finola Delamere and Dédée Murell Part 2: The critical appraisal toolbox 33 Editor: Michael Bigby 5. Formulating well-built clinical questions 35 Berthold Rzany and Michael Bigby 6. Finding the best evidence 38 Michael Bigby 7. The hierarchy of evidence 44 Michael Bigby 8. How to critically appraise systematic reviews and meta-analyses 49 Michael Bigby and Hywel Williams 9. How to critically appraise a study reporting effectiveness of an intervention 56 Hywel Williams 10. How to assess the evidence for the safety of medical interventions 64 Luigi Naldi 11. How to critically appraise pharmacoeconomic studies 70 Suephy C Chen 12. Applying the evidence back to the patient 76 Hywel Williams Part 3: The evidence 85 Section A: Common inflammatory skin diseases 85 Editor: Luigi Naldi v Evidence-based Dermatology 13. Acne vulgaris 87 Sarah E Garner 14. Papulopustular rosacea 115 Alfredo Rebora 15. Perioral dermatitis 125 Aditya K Gupta and Jacqueline E Swan 16. Hand eczema 132 Pieter-Jan Coenraads, A Marco van Coevorden and Thomas Diepgen 17. Atopic eczema 144 Hywel Williams, Kim Thomas, Dominic Smethurst, Jane Ravenscroft and Carolyn Charman 18. Seborrhoeic dermatitis 219 Mauro Picardo and Norma Cameli 19. Psoriasis 226 Robert JG Chalmers 20. Lichen planus 253 Laurence Le Cleach, Olivier Chosidow and Bernard Cribier 21. Acute urticaria 263 Torsten Schäfer Section B: Skin cancer 271 Editor: Hywel Williams 22. Prevention of skin cancer 273 Ros Weston 23. Do sunscreens reduce the incidence of skin cancers? 285 Ros Weston 24. Cutaneous melanoma 301 Dafydd Roberts and Thomas Crosby 25. Squamous cell carcinoma 316 Nanette J Liégeois and Suzanne Olbricht 26. Basal cell carcinoma 324 Fiona Bath and William Perkins 27. Primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma 344 Sean Whittaker 28. Actinic keratoses and Bowen’s disease 371 Seaver L Soon, Elizabeth A Cooper, Peterson Pierre, Aditya K Gupta and Suephy C Chen 29. Kaposi’s sarcoma 394 Imogen Locke and Margaret F Spittle Section C: Infective skin diseases 421 Editors: Thomas Diepgen and Hywel Williams 30. Local treatments for cutaneous warts 423 Sam Gibbs vi Contents 31. Impetigo 431 Sander Koning, Lisette WA van Suijlekom-Smit and Johannes C van der Wouden 32. Athlete’s foot 436 Fay Crawford 33. Onychomycosis 441 Aditya K Gupta, Jennifer Ryder, Robyn Bluhm 34. Tinea capitis 469 Urbà González 35. Candidiasis 490 Peter von den Driesch 36. Deep fungal infections 501 Roderick J Hay Section D: Infestations 513 Editor: Berthold Rzany 37. Scabies 515 Ian F Burgess 38. Head lice 525 Ian F Burgess and Ciara S Dodd 39. Insect bites 533 Michael Kulig and Jacqueline Müller-Nordhorn Section E: Disorders of pigmentation 543 Editor: Berthold Rzany 40. Vitiligo 545 Cinzia Masini and Damiano Abeni 41. Melasma 552 Asad Salim, Mónica Rengifo-Pardo, Sam Vincent and Luis Gabriel Cuervo-Amore Section F: Hair problems 569 Editor: Berthold Rzany 42. Male and female androgenetic alopecia 571 Hans Wolff 43. Alopecia areata 577 Rod Sinclair and Catherine E Scarff Section G: Leg ulceration 589 Editor: Berthold Rzany 44. Venous ulcers 591 JonathanKantor and David J Margolis vii Evidence-based Dermatology Section H: Less common skin disorders 603 Editor: Michael Bigby 45. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus 605 Susan Jessop and David Whitelaw 46. Dermatomyositis 620 Jeffrey P Callen 47. Bullous pemphigoid 639 Maria Roest, Vanessa Venning, Nonhlanhla Khumalo, Gudula Kirtschig and Fenella Wojnarowska 48. Pemphigus 643 Brian R Sperber and Victoria P Werth 49. Cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis 659 Anne Hawk and Joseph C English III 50. Erythema multiforme 673 Pierre Dominique Ghislain and J Claude Roujeau 51. Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis 678 Pierre Dominique Ghislain and J Claude Roujeau 52. Focal hyperhidrosis 688 Berthold Rzany and Daniel M Spinner 53. The idiopathic photodermatoses 698 Robert S Dawe and James Ferguson Part 4: The future of evidence-based dermatology 703 Editor: Luigi Naldi 54. Where do we go from here? 705 Hywel Williams Index 713 viii Contributors Damiano Abeni Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Instituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata (IDI–IRCCS), Rome, Italy Fiona Bath Centre for Evidenced-based Dermatology, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK Michael Bigby Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA Robyn Bluhm Mediprobe Laboratories, London, Ontario, Canada Ian F Burgess Insect R&D Limited, Cambridge, UK Jeffrey P Callen Professor of Medicine (Dermatology) and Chief, Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA Norma Cameli San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, Rome, Italy Robert JG Chalmers Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester School of Medicine, Manchester, UK Carolyn Charman Specialist Registrar in Dermatology, Queen’s Medical Centre NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK Suephy C Chen Emory University, Atlanta, USA Olivier Chosidow Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France Pieter-Jan Coenraads Dermatology Department, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands A Marco van Coevorden Dermatology Department, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands ix