Everything Science Grade 10

512 Pages·2012·9.02 MB·English

1IA 180
1 2.2 2
H Periodic Table of the Elements He
2IIA 13IIIA 14IVA 15VA 16VIA 17VIIA
1,01 4,00
3 0.98 4 1.57 No EN 5 2.04 6 2.55 7 3.04 8 3.44 9 3.98 10
Li Be Element B C N O F Ne
6,94 9,01 AMU 10,8 12,0 14,0 16,0 19,0 20,2
11 0.93 12 1.31 13 1.61 14 1.90 15 2.19 16 2.58 17 3.16 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3IIIB 4IVB 5VB 6VIB 7VIIB 8VII 9VII 10VII 11IB 12IIB
23,0 24,3 27,0 28,1 31,0 32,1 35,45 39,9
19 0.93 20 1.00 21 1.36 22 1.54 23 1.63 24 1.66 25 1.55 26 1.33 27 1.88 28 1.91 29 1.90 30 1.65 31 1.81 32 2.01 33 2.18 34 2.55 35 2.96 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39,1 40,1 45,0 47,9 50,9 52,0 54,9 55,8 58,9 58,7 63,5 65,4 69,7 72,6 74,9 79,0 79,9 83,8
37 0.82 38 0.95 39 1.22 40 1.33 41 1.60 42 2.16 43 1.90 44 2.20 45 2.28 46 2.20 47 1.93 48 1.69 49 1.78 50 1.96 51 2.05 52 2.10 53 2.66 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85,5 87,6 88,9 91,2 92,9 95,9 (98) 101,1 102,9 106,4 107,9 112,4 114,8 118,7 121,8 127,6 126,9 131,3
55 0.79 56 0.89 57-71 72 1.30 73 1.50 74 2.36 75 1.90 76 2.20 77 2.20 78 2.28 79 2.54 80 2.00 81 1.62 82 2.33 83 2.02 84 2.00 85 2.20 86
Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132,9 137,3 Lanthanides 178,5 180,9 183,8 186,2 190,2 192,2 195,1 197,0 200,6 204,4 207,2 209,0 (209) (210) (222)
87 0.7 88 0.9 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
(223) 226,0 Actinides (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266) (269) (272) (277) (284) (289) (288) (293) (282) (282)
TransitionMetal 57 1.10 58 1.12 59 1.13 60 1.14 61 62 1.17 63 64 1.20 65 66 1.22 67 1.23 68 1.24 69 1.25 70 71 1.27
Metal La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Metalloid
Non-metal 138,9 140,1 140,9 144,2 (145) 150,4 152,0 157,3 158,9 162,5 164,9 167,3 168,9 173,0 175,0
NobleGas
Lanthanide 89 1.10 90 1.30 91 1.50 92 1.38 93 1.36 94 1.28 95 1.30 96 1.30 97 1.30 98 1.30 99 1.30 100 1.30 101 1.30 102 1.30 103
Actinide Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
227,0 232,0 231,0 238,0 237,0 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (258) (260)
Everything Science
Grade 10 Physical Science
Version 1 – CAPS
by Siyavula and volunteers
Copyright notice
Your freedom to legally copy this book
You are allowed and encouraged to freely copy this book. You can photocopy,
print and distribute it as often as you like. You can download it onto your
mobile phone, iPad, PC or flash drive. You can burn it to CD, e-mail it around
or upload it to your website. The only restriction is that you have to keep this
book, its cover and short-codes unchanged.
For more information about the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0
Unported (CC BY-ND 3.0) license see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nd/3.0/
Authors List
This book is based upon the original Free High School Science Text which was
entirely written by volunteer academics, educators and industry professionals.
Their vision was to see a curriculum aligned set of mathematics and physical
science textbooks which are freely available to anybody and exist under an
open copyright license.
Siyavula core team
MarkHorner;HeatherWilliams;RenéToerien;JayanthiSKMaharaj(Veena);MorongwaMasemula;ElizeJones;
KevinReddy;MariusDiergaardt;WetsieVisser
Original Free High School Science Texts core team
MarkHorner;SamuelHalliday;SarahBlyth;RoryAdams;SpencerWheaton
Original Free High School Science Texts editors
JayniePadayachee;JoanneBoulle;DianaMulcahy;AnnetteNell;RenéToerien;DonovanWhitfield
Siyavula and Free High School Science Texts contributors
Sarah Abel; Dr. Rory Adams; Andrea Africa; Matthew Amundsen; Ben Anhalt; Prashant Arora; Amos Baloyi;
BonganiBaloyi;RaymondBarbour;Caro-JoyBarendse;RichardBaxter;TaraBeckerling;Dr.SarahBlyth;Sebastian
Bodenstein; Martin Bongers; Gareth Boxall; Stephan Brandt; Hannes Breytenbach; Alex Briell; Wilbur Britz;
Graeme Broster; Craig Brown; Richard Burge; Bianca Böhmer; George Calder-Potts; Eleanor Cameron; Richard
Case;SithembileCele;AliceChang;RichardCheng;FannyCherblanc;Dr. ChristineChung;BrettCocks;Stefaan
Conradie;RoccoCoppejans;TimCraib;AndrewCraig;TimCrombie;DanCrytser;Dr. AnneDabrowski;Laura
Daniels; Gareth Davies; Jennifer de Beyer; Deanne de Bude; Mia de Vos; Sean Dobbs; Buhle Donga; William
Donkin;EsmiDreyer;NicoladuToit;MatthewDuddy;FernandoDurrell;Dr. DanDwyer;AlexEllis;TomEllis;
AndrewFisher;GiovanniFranzoni;LindsayGlesener;KevinGodby;Dr. VanessaGodfrey;TerenceGoldberg;Dr.
JohanGonzalez;SaalighaGool;HemantGopal;Dr. StephanieGould;UmeshreeGovender;HeatherGray;Lynn
Greeff;CarineGrobbelaar;Dr. TomGutierrez;BrookeHaag;KateHadley;AlexHall;Dr. SamHalliday;Asheena
Hanuman; Dr. Melanie Dymond Harper; Dr. Nicholas Harrison; Neil Hart; Nicholas Hatcher; Jason Hayden;
LauraHayward;Dr.WilliamP.Heal;Dr.FrithaHennessy;ShaunHewitson;MillieHilgart;GrantHillebrand;Nick
Hobbs; ChrisHoldsworth; Dr. BenneHolwerda; Dr. MarkHorner; RobertHovden; MfandaidzaHove; Jennifer
Hsieh; LauraHuss; RowanJelley; GrantJelley; ClareJohnson; LukeJordan; TanaJoseph; Dr. FabianJutz; Brian
Kamanzi; Dr. Lutz Kampmann; Simon Katende; Natalia Kavalenia; Nothando Khumalo; Paul Kim; Dr. Jennifer
Klay; Lara Kruger; Sihle Kubheka; Andrew Kubik; Dr. Jannie Leach; Nkoana Lebaka; Dr. Tom Leinster; Henry
Liu; Christopher Loetscher; Mike Loseby; Amandla Mabona; Malothe Mabutho; Stuart Macdonald; Dr. Anton
Machacek; Tshepo Madisha; Batsirai Magunje; Dr. Komal Maheshwari; Michael Malahe; Masoabi Malunga;
Masilo Mapaila; Bryony Martin; Nicole Masureik; John Mathew; Dr. Will Matthews; Chiedza Matuso; JoEllen
McBride; Nikolai Meures; Riana Meyer; Filippo Miatto; Jenny Miller; Abdul Mirza; Mapholo Modise; Carla
Moerdyk; Tshwarelo Mohlala; Relebohile Molaoa; Marasi Monyau; Asogan Moodaly; Jothi Moodley; Robert
Moon; Calvin Moore; Bhavani Morarjee; Kholofelo Moyaba; Nina Gitau Muchunu; Kate Murphy; Emmanuel
Musonza; Tom Mutabazi; David Myburgh; Kamie Naidu; Nolene Naidu; Gokul Nair; Vafa Naraghi; Bridget
Nash; Tyrone Negus; Huw Newton-Hill; Buntu Ngcebetsha; Dr. Markus Oldenburg; Thomas O’Donnell; Dr.
JayniePadayachee;PoveshenPadayachee;MasimbaParadza;DavePawson;JustinPead;NicolettePekeur;Sirika
Pillay; Jacques Plaut; Barry Povey; Andrea Prinsloo; Joseph Raimondo; Sanya Rajani; Prof. Sergey Rakityansky;
Alastair Ramlakan; Dr. Matina J. Rassias; Dr. Jocelyn Read; Jonathan Reader; Jane Reddick; Dr. Matthew
Reece;RazvanRemsing;LauraRichter;MaxRichter;SeanRiddle;Dr. DavidRoberts;ChristopherRoberts;Helen
Robertson;EvanRobinson;RaoulRontsch;Dr. AndrewRose;KatieRoss;Jeanne-MariéRoux;MarkRoux;Bianca
Ruddy;NitinRughoonauth;KatieRussell;StevenSam;Dr. CarlScheffler;ChoHeeShrader;NathanielSchwartz;
DuncanScott;HelenSeals;RelebohileSefako;Prof. SergeyRakityansky;SandraSerumaga-Zake;PaulShangase;
CameronSharp;IanSherratt;Dr. JamesShort;RogerSieloff;BrandonSim;BongaSkozana;ClareSlotow;Bradley
Smith;GregSolomon;NicholasSpaull;Dr. AndrewStacey;Dr. JimStasheff;MikeStay;MikeStringer;Masixole
Swartbooi; Tshenolo Tau; Tim Teatro; Ben Thompson; Shen Tian; Xolani Timbile; Robert Torregrosa; Jimmy
Tseng;TimvanBeek;NeelsvanderWesthuizen;FransvanEeden;PierrevanHeerden;Dr. MarcovanLeeuwen;
Marina van Zyl; Pieter Vergeer; Rizmari Versfeld; Mfundo Vezi; Mpilonhle Vilakazi; Ingrid von Glehn; Tamara
vonGlehn;KosmavonMaltitz;HelenWaugh;LeandraWebb;Dr. DawnWebber;MichelleWen;Neelsvander
Westhuizen; Dr. Alexander Wetzler; Dr. Spencer Wheaton; Vivian White; Dr. Gerald Wigger; Harry Wiggins;
HeatherWilliams;WendyWilliams;JulieWilson;TimothyWilson;AndrewWood;EmmaWormauld;Dr. Sahal
Yacoob;JeanYoussef;EwaldZietsman;
iv
Everything Science
Whenwelookoutsideateverythinginnature,lookaroundusateverythingmanufacturedorlookupateverything
inspacewecannotbutbestruckbytheincrediblediversityandcomplexityoflife;somanythings,thatlookso
different,operatinginsuchuniqueways. Thephysicaluniversereallycontainsincrediblecomplexity.
Yet, what is even more remarkable than this seeming complexity is the fact that things in the physical universe
are knowable. We can investigate them, analyse them and understand them. It is this ability to understand the
physicaluniversethatallowsustotransformelementsandmaketechnologicalprogresspossible.
Ifwelookbackatsomeofthethingsthatdevelopedoverthelastcentury–spacetravel,advancesinmedicine,
wireless communication (from television to mobile phones) and materials a thousand times stronger than steel
– we see they are not the consequence of magic or some inexplicable phenomena. They were all developed
throughthestudyandsystematicapplicationofthephysicalsciences. Soaswelookforwardatthe21stcentury
andsomeoftheproblemsofpoverty, diseaseandpollutionthatfaceus, itispartlytothephysicalscienceswe
needtoturn.
Forhowevergreatthesechallengesseem,weknowthatthephysicaluniverseisknowableandthatthededicated
study thereof can lead to the most remarkable advances. There can hardly be a more exciting challenge than
layingbaretheseemingcomplexityofthephysicaluniverseandworkingwiththeincrediblediversitythereinto
developproductsandservicesthataddrealqualitytopeople’slives.
Physical sciences is far more wonderful, exciting and beautiful than magic! It is everywhere. See introductory
videobyDr. MarkHorner: VPsfkatwww.everythingscience.co.za
More than a regular textbook
EverythingScienceisnotjustaSciencetextbook. Ithaseverythingyouexpectfromyourregularprintedschool
textbook, but comes with a whole lot more. For a start, you can download or read it on-line on your mobile
phone,computeroriPad,whichmeansyouhavetheconvenienceofaccessingitwhereveryouare.
Weknowthatsomethingsarehardtoexplaininwords. Thatiswhyeverychaptercomeswithvideolessonsand
explanationswhichhelpbringtheideasandconceptstolife. Summarypresentationsattheendofeverychapter
offeranoverviewofthecontentcovered,withkeypointshighlightedforeasyrevision.
Alltheexercisesinside thebooklinktoaservicewhereyoucangetmorepractice, seethefullsolutionortest
yourskillslevelonmobileandPC.
Weareinterestedinwhatyouthink,wonderaboutorstrugglewithasyoureadthroughthebookandattemptthe
exercises. That is why we made it possible for you to use your mobile phone or computer to digitally pin your
questiontoapageandseewhatquestionsandanswersotherreaderspinnedup.
Everything Science on your mobile or PC
Youcanhavethistextbookathandwhereveryouare–whetherathome,onthethetrainoratschool. Justbrowse
totheon-lineversionofEverythingScienceonyourmobilephone,tabletorcomputer. Toreaditoff-lineyoucan
downloadaPDFore-bookversion.
Toreadordownloadit,gotowww.everythingscience.co.zaonyourphoneorcomputer.
Using the icons and short-codes
Insidethebookyouwillfindtheseiconstohelpyouspotwherevideos,presentations,practicetoolsandmore
helpexist. Theshort-codesnexttotheiconsallowyoutonavigatedirectlytotheresourceson-linewithouthaving
tosearchforthem.
(A123) Godirectlytoasection
(V123) Video,simulationorpresentation
(P123) Practiceandtestyourskills
(Q123) Askforhelporfindananswer
To watch the videos on-line, practise your skills or post a question, go to the Everything Science website at
www.everythingscience.co.zaonyourmobileorPCandentertheshort-codeinthenavigationbox.
Video lessons
Lookoutforthevideoiconsinsidethebook. Thesewilltakeyoutovideolessonsthathelpbringtheideasand
conceptsonthepagetolife. Getextrainsight,detailedexplanationsandworkedexamples. Seetheconceptsin
actionandhearrealpeopletalkabouthowtheyusemathsandscienceintheirwork.
Seevideoexplanation (Video: V123)
Video exercises
Wherever there are exercises in the book you will see icons and short-codes for video solutions, practice and
help. Theseshort-codeswilltakeyoutovideosolutionsofselectexercisestoshowyoustep-by-stephowtosolve
suchproblems.
Seevideoexercise (Video: V123)