Everyday Life in Mass Dictatorship: Collusion and Evasion PDF
Preview Everyday Life in Mass Dictatorship: Collusion and Evasion
MassDictatorshipintheTwentiethCentury The concept of ‘mass dictatorship’ addresses the (self-)mobilisation of ‘the masses’ inandfortwentieth-centurydictatorships.Incontrasttotyrannies,whichimposed powerfromabove,massdictatorshipshaveencouragedmultipleformsofactivepar- ticipationofthepeople.Inthishighlymodernprocess,distinctionsbetweensubjects and citizens are blurred. Through deliberate strategies of political, social, cultural andmoralmanipulation,andpersuasion,massdictatorshipstendtorepresentthem- selvesas,ostensibly,‘dictatorshipsfrombelow’,andareindeeddeeplyentrenchedat agrassrootslevel.FreeoftheManicheandualismwhichhadcharacterisedboththe totalitarianandMarxistmodelsoftheColdWarera,theseriesstressesthedialectical interplaybetweenpowerandpeople. Gender politics, modernity, everyday life, memory and the imagination are the themesexploredintheindividualvolumesoftheseries.Whattheyhaveincommon, andwhatmakestheseriesunique,istheglobalscaleofthecomparativistapproach takenthroughout.Readersarethusinvitedtoexploreandinterrelatethepre-World WarIIdictatorshipsofFascism,Nazism,StalinismandJapanesecolonialismwiththe postwar communist regimes and post-colonial developmental dictatorships in Asia, Africa,andEurope. SeriesEditor: Jie-HyunLim Professor of Transnational History and Director of Critical Global Studies Institute, SogangUniversity,Seoul EditorialBoard: PeterLambert LecturerinModernEuropeanHistoryatAberystwythUniversity AlfLüdtke Honorary Professor of Historical Anthropology at the University of Erfurt, and Dis- tinguished Visiting Professor at the Research Institute for Comparative History and CultureHanyangUniversity,Seoul KarenPetrone ProfessorandChair,DepartmentofHistory,UniversityofKentucky MichaelSchoenhals ProfessorofChineseStudies,CenterforLanguagesandLiterature,LundUniversity Othertitlesinthisseries: MichaelKim,MichaelSchoenhals,andYong-WooKim(editors) MASSDICTATORSHIPANDMODERNITY Jie-HyunLimandKarenPetrone(editors) GENDERPOLITICSANDMASSDICTATORSHIP GlobalPerspectives Jie-HyunLim,BarbaraWalker,andPeterLambert(editors) MASSDICTATORSHIPASEVERPRESENTPAST AlfLüdtke(editor) EVERYDAYLIFEINMASSDICTATORSHIP CollusionandEvasion MichaelSchoenhalsandKarinSarsenov(editors) IMAGININGMASSDICTATORSHIPS TheIndividualandtheMassesinLiteratureandCinema Forthcomingtitles: PaulCornerandJie-HyunLim(editors) THEPALGRAVEHANDBOOKOFMASSDICTATORSHIP MassDictatorshipintheTwentiethCentury SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–30072–9(Hardback) 978–0–230–30073–6(Paperback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastanding order.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddress belowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England Everyday Life in Mass Dictatorship Collusion and Evasion Editedby Alf Lüdtke HonorarprofessorHistorischeAnthropologie,UniversitätErfurt,Germany Selectionandeditorialmatter©AlfLüdtke2016 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-44276-5 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2016by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-56036-3 ISBN 978-1-137-44277-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137442772 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Everydaylifeinmassdictatorship:collusionandevasion/editedby AlfLüdtke,HonorarprofessorHistorischeAnthropologie,Universität Erfurt,Germany. pages cm.—(Massdictatorshipinthetwentiethcentury) Summary:“Dictatorshipimpliesoppressionandarbitraryviolencefromabove. However,thisvolumeandtheMassDictatorshipinthe20thCenturyseriestowhich itcontributesdismantlesthatgeneralassumption.EverydayLifeinMassDictatorship exploresthemultipleformsandpracticesofordinarypeopleastheybecameactive participantsinthegrandmobilisationofsocietynotonlypromised,butactively pursuedbydictatorialregimesinthe20thcentury.Thevolumeiscentrally concernedwithtwoaspectsofcollusionandevasion:warfareandruthlesspolicies ofexclusion.Theimpactthisavalancheofunboundedviolencehadonsurvivorsand successivegenerationsistheoverarchingthemeofthestudiespresentedinthis volumeonpost-colonialandpost-Stalinistdictatorships.Theextenttowhich post-colonialregimescarriedonnon-democraticasymmetriesofpoweror establishedthemanewisbreathtaking.Yettheprospectsofbetterlivingand ‘moderntimes’;metwithoverwhelmingpopularsupportintheEastandWest,as wellasintheglobalNorthandSouth"—Providedbypublisher. 1. Totalitarianism—History—20thcentury. 2. Dictatorship—History—20th century. 3. Politicalpsychology—History—20thcentury. 4. Post- communism—History—20thcentury. 5. Socialhistory—20thcentury. I. Lüdtke,Alf,1943–contributingeditor. JC481.E832015 320.5309(cid:2)04—dc23 2015020081 Contents Acknowledgements vii NotesonContributors ix Part I ScopeandPerspectives 1 IntroductoryNotes 3 AlfLüdtke 2 OrdinaryPeople,Self-Energising,andRoomfor Manoeuvering:Examplesfrom20thCenturyEurope 13 AlfLüdtke Part II DictatorialandColonialRegimes1930–1960: PracticesofDominationandModesofAppropriation 3 TheThirdReich:PoliceStateorSelf-PolicingSociety? 37 PeterLambert 4 Self-ReassuranceinTroubledTimes:GermanDiariesDuring theUpheavalsof1933 55 MichaelWildt 5 Collaboration,Complicity,andEvasionUnderItalianFascism 75 PaulCorner 6 Stalinism‘FromBelow’?:SovietState,Society,andtheGreat Terror 94 KevinMcDermott 7 ThePoliticsofNationalLanguageandWartimeMobilisation ofEverydayLifeinLateColonialKorea,1937–1945 112 KyuHyunKim 8 IndustrialWarriors:LabourHeroesandEverydayLifein WartimeColonialKorea,1937–1945 126 MichaelKim 9 ConsumptionandConsumerismintheGermanDemocratic Republic 147 HaraldDehne v vi Contents Part III PostcolonialSettings1950–1990:Dimensionsof Subjectivity 10 NorthKoreaandtheEducationofDesire:Totalitarianism, EverydayLife,andtheMakingofPost-ColonialSubjectivity 165 CharlesK.Armstrong 11 ComradeMin,Women’sPaidLabour,andtheCentralising Party-State:PostwarReconstructioninNorthKorea 184 AndreSchmid 12 BetweenAutonomyandProductivity:TheEverydayLivesof KoreanWomenWorkersDuringtheParkChung-heeEra 202 WonKim 13 Conscription,Collaboration,andSelf-CuttinginRuralSenegal DuringandAfterWorldWarII 218 DennisC.Galvan 14 TheConventionPeople’sParty(CPP)inGhana,Late1950sto the1970s:MobilisationforTransformation 227 RichardRathbone Index 250 Acknowledgements The impetus for this book dates back to a conference held in Seoul, South Korea in June 2005. Professor Jie-Hyun Lim and his co-organisers at the Research Institute of Comparative History and Culture at Hanyang Uni- versity (RICH) convened junior and senior scholars from trans-Pacific and trans-Atlantic circuits for three days of inspiring exchanges at a ‘locus amoenus’, a countryside hotel east of Seoul, beyond the reach of the megacity’ssummerhumidity.Theorganiserschoseforthetopicofthis3rd conference in the series ‘Mass Dictatorship and People’s Everyday Lives’. In particular, they proposed a focus on the inter-relationships and inter- changes between ‘desire and delusion’. This volume is the product of the stimulatingdiscussionsandlivelydebatesatthisconference. Thisbookhasbeenrealisedwiththehelpofmanyfriends,colleagues,and institutions.TheKoreanResearchFoundation(KRF)wastheprincipalfinan- cial sponsor of the project and the multiple international conferences that inspiredtheseries.Iwouldliketoexpressspecialthankstotheprogramme managers and administrative staff of the Humanities and Social Sciences SectionoftheKRF,andtoHanyangUniversityforitsfinancialsupport.Dr. Kim Chong Yang, the former president of Hanyang University, was highly supportive of the project. More than a hundred scholars from around the worldparticipatedintheconferences,includingmostofthecontributorsto thisvolume.IamparticularlygratefultoCharlesArmstrong,StefanBerger, PaulCorner,RogerGriffin,MinoruIwasaki,KonradJarausch,KyuHyunKim, ClaudiaKoonz,VolodymyrKravchenko,MarcinKula,PeterLambert,Robert Mallet, Hiroko Mizuno, Karen Petrone, Martin Sabrow, Naoki Sakai, Feliks Tych,andMichaelWildtfortheirmultiplecommitments. The research fellows of the mass dictatorship project, research assistants, and the administrative staff at RICH made it possible for this book to shift from the realm of ideas towards concrete reality. The painstaking work of thestaffandfellowsatRICHproducedtheoptimalconditionsthatenabled scholars from more than a dozen Asian, European, and North American countriestoparticipateinthescholarlyexchanges. Not the least, I would like to thank the contributors to this volume for their unfettered patience and superb cooperation in bringing this work to publication. After an overly long break, the book was revived in 2009. During the first two and a half years Peter Lambert (University of Wales, Aberystwyth)co-edited,thenDennisGalvan(UniversityofOregon,Eugene) tookonco-editorshipforanotheryearandahalf.Bothresignedduetoever mountingdemandsattheirrespectiveuniversities:myheartfeltgratitudeto bothofthem! vii viii Acknowledgements Finally, on behalf of all the contributors I extend our thanks to Jenny Wang Medina (Columbia University) for her invaluable assistance in edit- ing and assembling the manuscript. At the same time, our warmest thanks to Jenny McCall at Palgrave for her professionalism and willingness to be flexiblewithoureditorialneeds.Inthefinalstretchtowardsthepublication ofthisvolume,healthissuesprecludedmefromanystrenuousreadingand writing.ItisonlytheabsolutesupportofJennyWangMedinaandourseries editor, Jie-Hyun Lim, that has brought our undertaking to fruition. Helga Lüdtke,mywife,wasalsopivotalforherengagementwiththisprojectand herunlimitedandaffectionatesupportforme.Ihavenoadequatewordsto expressmydeepestgratitudetothethreeofthem! AlfLüdtke,Erfurt/Berlin/Göttingen,June2015 Contributors CharlesK.ArmstrongisTheKoreaFoundationProfessorofKoreanStudies in the Social Sciences in the Department of History at Columbia Univer- sity.HeistheformerDirectorofColumbia’sCenterforKoreanResearchand former Acting Director of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute. Professor Armstrong is the author, editor, or co-editor of five books, including most recently Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992 (2013; winner of the John Fairbank Prize of the American Historical Association) andTheKoreas(secondedition,2014).Hiscurrentprojectsincludeahistory of modern East Asia (forthcoming); a study of American cultural policy in East Asia during the Cold War; and the interaction between urbanisation and the environment in North Korea and Northeast China from the 1930s tothe1990s.ProfessorArmstrongholdsaB.A.inChineseStudiesfromYale University, an M.A. in International Relations from the London School of Economics,andaPh.D.inHistoryfromtheUniversityofChicago. Paul Corner is Professor of European History and Director of the Centre for the Study of Totalitarian Regimes at the University of Siena in Italy. He is the author of many books and articles on contemporary Italian history andonthebroadertopicofpopularopinionintotalitarianregimes.Among his works are Fascism in Ferrara (1975), the edited volume Popular Opinion inTotalitarianRegimes:Fascism,Nazism,Communism(2009),andTheFascist Party and Popular Opinion in Mussolini’s Italy (2012). He is a Senior Member ofSt.Antony’sCollege,Oxford. HaraldDehne,borninBerlinin1949,studiedculturalstudiesandEuropean ethnology at Humboldt-University at Berlin. Since the late 1970s he has engaged in research on cultural theory and working class culture in East Germany at the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, with special fields in the historyofeverydaylifeandtheethnologyoffood.From1992–1996heheld apositionattheInstituteforHistoryatHumboldt-Universitywherehepur- sued studies on urban and metropolitan life styles in the 19th and 20th centuries, the changes of nutrition customs in the early 20th century, and on poverty and Christian and Jewish welfare. He then moved to the Insti- tute of African Studies and the Institute for European Ethnology, both at Humboldt-University. Dennis C. Galvan is Professor of Political Science and International Studies, and Vice Provost for International Affairs at the University of Oregon. Galvan researches institutional adaptation, nation building, ix
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