Evapotranspiration: Principles and Applications for Water Management PDF
Preview Evapotranspiration: Principles and Applications for Water Management
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Principles and Applications for Water Management © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Principles and Applications for Water Management Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE, Editor-in-Chief and Eric W. Harmsen, PhD, PE, Co-editor Apple Academic Press TORONTO NEW JERSEY © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc Taylor & Francis Group 3333 Mistwell Crescent 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Canada © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130905 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-1216-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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CONTENTS List of Contributors ..........................................................................................................ix List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................xiii List of Symbols ...............................................................................................................xvii Preface 1 .........................................................................................................................xxi Preface 2 ........................................................................................................................xxv Foreword......................................................................................................................xxvii Warning/Disclaimer ....................................................................................................xxxiii About the Editor-in-Chief .............................................................................................xxxv About the Co-editor ...................................................................................................xxxvii PART I: PRINCIPLES 1. Historical Evolution of Evapotranspiration Methods ....................................1 Marvin E. Jensen 2. Water Vapor Flux Models for Agriculture ....................................................19 Victor H. Ramirez and Eric W. Harmsen 3. Direct Transpiration Measurement and Estimation ....................................67 Victor H. Ramirez 4. Design of Lysimeter for Turfgrass Water Use ...............................................75 Benjamin G. Wherley 5. Evapotranspiration: Meteorological Methods ..............................................87 Megh R. Goyal 6. Evaporation Estimations with Neural Networks ........................................109 P. S. Shirgure and G. S. Rajput 7. Pan Evaporation Modeling: Indian Agriculture.........................................131 P. S. Shirgure and G. S. Rajput 8. Evapotranspiration for Cypress and Pine Forests: Florida, USA .............165 David M. Sumner PART II: APPLICATIONS 9. Evapotranspiration for Pinelands in New Jersey, USA ..............................229 David M. Sumner, Robert S. Nicholson, and Kenneth L. Clark 10. Water Management in Citrus .......................................................................273 P. S. Shirgure and A. K. Srivastava © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. vi Contents 11. Vegetation Water Demand and Basin Water Availability in Mexico ........287 Judith Ramos Hernandez, F. J. González, L. Marrufo, and R. Dominguez 12. Water Conservation for Turfgrass ...............................................................305 Benjamin G. Wherley 13. Evapotranspiration with Modified Hargreaves Model: Saudi Arabia .....317 Mohammad Nabil Elnesr and Abdurrahman Ali Alazba 14. Evapotranspiration with Distant Weather Stations: Saudi Arabia ..........337 Mohammad Nabil Elnesr and Abdurrahman Ali Alazba 15. Actual Evapotranspiration Using Satellite Image in Thailand .................349 Preeyaphorn Kosa 16. Sensor Based Irrigation Scheduling .............................................................369 B. Keith Bellingham 17. Snow Data and Water Resources .................................................................389 B. Keith Bellingham PART III: WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS 18. Historical Overview of Evapotranspiration in Puerto Rico ......................407 Eric W. Harmsen 19. Reference Evapotranspiration for Colombian Coffee................................431 Victor H. Ramirez 20. Water Management for Agronomic Crops in Trinidad ..............................443 Megh R. Goyal 21. Crop Water Stress Index for Common Beans .............................................455 Victor H. Ramirez Builes, Eric W. Harmsen, and Timothy G. Porch 22. Evapotranspiration: Temperature Versus Elevation Relationships .........471 Megh R. Goyal 23. Generation of Missing Climatic Data: Puerto Rico ....................................479 Megh R. Goyal and S. F. Shih 24. Estimation of Pan Evaporation Coefficients ...............................................489 Eric W. Harmsen, Antonio González-Pérez, and Amos Winter 25. Daily Evapotranspiration Estimations Using Satellite Remote Sensing ......503 Eric W. Harmsen, John R. Mecikalski, Melvin J. Cardona-Soto, Alejandra Rojas-Gonzalez, and Ramon E. Vasquez 26. Vapor Flux Measurement System ................................................................513 Eric W. Harmsen, Victor H. Ramirez Builes, Michael D. Dukes, Xinhua Jia, Luis R. Perez Alegria, and Ramon E. Vasquez © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Contents vii 27. Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Water Resources: 2090 ...........523 Eric W. Harmsen, Norman L. Miller, Nicole J. Schlegel, and Jorge E. Gonzalez 28. Evapotranspiration Using Satellite Remote Sensing for the Tropical Climate ............................................................................................................545 Eric W. Harmsen, John Mecikalski, Ariel Mercado Vargas, and Pedro Tosado 29. Irrigation Scheduling for Sweet Pepper ......................................................555 Eric W. Harmsen, Joel Trinidad-Colon, Carmen L. Arcelay, and Dionel C. Rodriguez 30. Web-Based Irrigation Scheduling ................................................................567 Eric W. Harmsen Appendix A .....................................................................................................577 Index ...............................................................................................................579 © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Abdurrahman Ali Alazba Professor in Water Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, PO Box: 2460/11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia M. T. Amin Assistant Professor in Water Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, PO Box: 2460/11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Carmen L. Arcelay Former graduate research assistant, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, USA Email: [email protected] B. Keith Bellingham P.H., Certified Professional Hydrologist, and Soil Scientist , Stevens Water Monitoring Systems Inc., 12067 NE Glenn Widing Drive Suite 106, Portland-Oregon-97220-USA. Phone: (800) 452-5272, http://www.ste- venswater.com/contact.aspx Email: [email protected] Melvin J. Cardona-Soto Graduate research assistant, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus. Kenneth L. Clark Research Forester, Silas Little Experiment Station, Northern Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 11 Campus Blvd., Suite 200 Newtown Square, PA 19073 Phone: 609-894-0325, Email: [email protected] Joel T. Colon Former graduate research assistant, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, Email: [email protected] R. Dominguez Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Avenue 3000, 04510 Coyoacan, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Michael D. Dukes Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gaines- ville, FL., U.S.A., Email: [email protected] Mohammad N. Elnesr Assistant Professor, Shaikh Mohammad Alamoudi Chair for Water Research, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, PO Box: 2460/11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Antonio González-Pérez Undergraduate Research Assistant, Department of Marine Science and Director of the Caribbean Atmo- spheric Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681 F. J. González Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Avenue 3000, 04510 Coyoacan, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Email: [email protected] © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. x List of Contributors Jorge E. Gonzalez Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, City College of New York. Email: [email protected] Megh R. Goyal P.E., Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Apple Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon, PR 00677, USA. Email: [email protected] Eric W. Harmsen Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, Email: [email protected] Marvin E. Jensen Retired Research Program Leader at USDA-ARS and Irrigation Consultant. 1207 Spring Wood Drive, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA. Email: [email protected] Xinhua Jia Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, North Dakota State Univer- sity, Fargo, ND, U.S.A. Email: [email protected] Preeyaphorn Kosa Assistant Professor [Water Resources Engineering], School of Civil Engineering [Institute of Engineering], Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand. Email: [email protected] L. Marrufo Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Avenue 3000, 04510 Coyoacan, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Ariel Mercado-Vargas Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Computer and Electric al Engineering, UPRM; G. Miller Professor in Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695 Norman L. Miller Climate Science Department, Earth Sciences Division, Berkeley National Laboratory. Email: [email protected] Robert S. Nicholson Chief, Environmental Studies Program, New Jersey Water Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 810 Bear Tavern Road, West Trenton, NJ, 08628. Phone: 609-771-3925, USA Email: [email protected] Luis R. Pérez-Alegía Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9030, Mayagüez, PR 00681, U.S.A. Email: [email protected] Timothy G. Porch Genetics Researcher, Tropical Agricultural Research Station, USDA-ARS, Mayagüez - Puerto Rico, USA. Email: [email protected] G. S. Rajput Principal Scientist, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India-482 004 Victor H. Ramirez-Builes Agroclimatology and Crop Science Researcher, National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafe), Chinchina (Caldas, Colombia). Email: [email protected] © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. List of Contributors xi Judith Ramos-Hernandez Chemical Engineer, Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Av- enue 3000, 04510 Coyoacan, Mexico D.F., Mexico. Email: [email protected] Dionel C. Rodríguez Former undergraduate research assistant, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR Alejandra Rojas-Gonzalez Graduate Students, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus Nicole J. Schlegel Earth and Planetary Science Department, University of California, Berkeley. Email: [email protected] ley.edu S. F. Shih P.E., Late Professor of Hydrology at University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, Florida P. S. Shirgure Senior Scientist, National Research Center for Citrus, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Amravati Road, Nagpur, India, 440010. Email: [email protected] T. Sinclair University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. A. K. Srivastava Principal Scientist, Jawaharlal Nehru Agricultural University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India – 482 004 David M. Sumner Hydrologist, United States Geological Survey, Florida Water Science Center, 12703 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA. Phone: 407-803-5518, Email: [email protected] Ramon E. Vasquez P.E., Former Dean, College of Engineering and Professor, Department of Computer and Electrical Engineer- ing, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, Email: [email protected] Benjamin G. Wherley Assistant Professor, Turfgrass Physiology and Ecology, Dept. of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M Uni- versity, College Station, TX 77843-2474. Email: [email protected] Amos Winter Professor, Department of Marine Science and Director of the Caribbean Atmospheric Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681 © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS °C degree celsius AC-FT acre foot ACTMO Agricultural Chemical Transport Model (USDA) AET actual evapotranspiration AHPS Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service AI artificial intelligence ANN Artificial Neural Network ARS Agricultural Research Service ASABE American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASCS Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service ATP adenosine triphosphate AWRA American Water Resources Association AWS Agro-Climatic Weather Stations AWWA American Water Works Association B-C Blaney-Criddle BOR Bureau of Reclamation BP back propagation BPNNs back propagation neural networks CFS cubic feet per second CFSM water depth, cubic feet per second per square mile CGDD cumulative growing degree days CLENS Computing Loading Estimates from Non-point Sources CO carbon dioxide 2 CU consumptive use CWSI crop water stress index DOY day of the year EP evolutionary programming EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPAN pan evaporation ET evapotranspiration FAO Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome FC field capacity FWS Fish and Wildlife Service GA genetic algorithm GM general model GUI graphical user interface HRG Hargreaves IASWC Indian Association of Soil and Water Conservationists © 2014 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
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