Evaluation of the Harvest of Prunus africana Bark on Bioko

168 Pages·2007·3.4 MB·English

Evaluation of the Harvest of
Prunus africana Bark
on Bioko (Equatorial Guinea):
Guidelines for a Management Plan
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H Clemente Muñoz, Margarita África

e Navarro Cerrillo, Rafael María
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t Kasimis, Nicholas
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Hernández Bermejo, J. Esteban
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o Padrón Cedrés, Eva
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a Martín-Consuegra Fernández, Enriqueta
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al Hernández Clemente, Rocío
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E García-Ferrer Porras, Alfonso
Evaluation of the Harvest of
Prunus africana Bark
on Bioko
(Equatorial Guinea):
Guidelines for a Management Plan
Clemente Muñoz, Margarita África
Navarro Cerrillo, Rafael María
Kasimis, Nicholas
Hernández Bermejo, J. Esteban
Padrón Cedrés, Eva
Martín-Consuegra Fernández, Enriqueta
Hernández Clemente, Rocío
García-Ferrer Porras, Alfonso
Servicio de PublicacioneS
univerSidad de córdoba
(UNIVERSITY OF CORDOBA)
SPAIN
2006
Evaluation of the harvest of “Prunus Africana” bark on Bioko
(Equatorial Guinea) : guidelines for a management plan / Clemente
Muñoz, Margarita África … [et al.]— Córdoba : Servicio de
Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba, 2006
188 p. : il. col., map. ; 24 cm
ISBN 84-7801-848-4
DL CO-1464-2006
1.Bosques – Explotación – Guinea Ecuatorial 2. Bosques –
Explotación – Aspecto del medio ambiente I.Clemente Muñoz,
Margarita, coaut. II. Universidad de Córdoba. Servicio de
Publicaciones, ed.
630*28:504(671.8)
Evaluation of the Harvest of Prunus africana Bark on Bioko (Equatorial Guinea): Guidelines for a
Management Plan
1ª edición 2006
ISBN: 84-7801-848-4
Depósito Legal: CO-1464-2006
Authors:
Clemente Muñoz, M. A., Navarro Cerrillo, R. M., Kasimis, N., Hernández Bermejo, J. E., Padrón Cedrés,
E., Martín-Consuegra Fernández, E., Hernández Clemente, R. and García-Ferrer Porras A.
PhotogrAPhs:
Hernández Bermejo, J. E., Navarro Cerrillo, R. M., Kasimis, N., Padrón Cedrés, E., Clemente Muñoz, M. A.
Published by:
© Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba. 2006.
Campus Universitario de Rabanales.
14071 Córdoba. Spain.
www.uco.es/publicaciones e-mail: [email protected]
© De los autores. 2006.
Diseño y Diagramación:
Luis F. Barona Hernández
imprime:
ALTILIS creativos.
Reyes Católicos, 5 - portal A, 3º. 14001 Córdoba. [email protected]
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■■  ■■
Evaluation of thE harvEst of Prunus africana bark on bioko (Equatorial GuinEa): GuidElinEs for a ManaGEMEnt Plan
• Vice-Minister for Agriculture and Forestry, Equatorial Guinea:
Ms Pelagia Abeso Tomo
• Minister of Fisheries and the Environment, Equatorial Guinea:
Mr Fortunato Ofa Mbo Nchama
• General Director of Fisheries and the Environment, Equatorial Guinea:
Mr Santiago Engonga
• General Director of APRA in Equatorial Guinea: Mr Giovanni
Bandini
• APRA Personnel: Mr José Luis Capote, Mr Isaías Enoko, and Mr
Pedro Bopa
• Mayor of Moca: Mr Gabino Siloche
• Technical staff from the Ministries of Agriculture and Forestry and
of Fisheries and the Environment: Mr José Luis Massoko Elonga, Mr
Pelagio Mangué Mbomio, and Mr Ramón Willy Tomos
■■  ■■
Table of conTenTS
1. Executive Summary 1
2. Resumen Ejecutivo 2
3. Introduction 41
4. Background 4
4.1. Prunus africana: 51
4.1.1. Systematic Position and Description 51
4.1.2. Biology, Reproduction, Genetic Diversity 52
4.1.3. Ecology and Geographic Distribution 53
4.1.4. Use 54
4.1.5. Harvest Control 54
4.2. Forest Ecosystem Mapping and Remote Sensing 56
4.3. The Island of Bioko 5
4.3.1. Geographic Location 5
4.3.2. Climate 5
4.3.3. Geology and Soil 5
4.3.4. Flora 60
4.3.5. Synthesis of the Vegetation 61
4.4. Prunus africana on Bioko 63
5. Objectives of the Project 6
5.1. General Objective 6
5.2. Specific Objectives 6
6. Material and Methods 1
6.1. Study Area 3
6.2. Classification of Bioko Forest Ecosystems through
Analysis of Landsat  ETM+ Imagery 3
6.2.1. Sensor and Pre-processing of the Image 3
6.2.2. Unsupervised and Supervised Classification 5
6.3. Design of Sampling, Data Collection in the Field, and
Data Analysis 5
7. Results and Discussion 
.1. Unsupervised Classification 
.2. Supervised Classification 0
.3. Structure of Prunus africana Stands on Bioko 1
■■  ■■
Evaluation of thE harvEst of Prunus africana bark on bioko (Equatorial GuinEa): GuidElinEs for a ManaGEMEnt Plan
.4. Species Composition of the Forests Sampled 
.5. Ecological Conditions of the Range of Prunus africana 103
.6. Structure of Forests where Prunus africana Occurs 106
.. Classification of Prunus africana Stands According to
Altitude and Population Criteria in Harvest Areas 111
..1. Prunus africana Stands on Pico de Basilé 113
..2. Prunus africana Stands in Moca 114
.. Damage Caused to Trees as a Result of the Harvest
Process 116
.. Calculation of the Specific Weight of the Bark and
Average Thickness by Diameter Class 11
.10. Equations for Estimating Fresh Bark Yield 120
.11. Equations for Estimating Bark Regeneration 122
.12. Calculation of Potential Prunus africana Bark Yield in
Harvest Areas 122
8. Guidelines for a Sustainable Management Plan 131
.1. Definition and Preliminary Mapping of Harvest Areas 133
.2. Forest Inventory 13
.3. Bark Yield and Calculation of Estimated Yield by Zones 140
.4. Definition of Production Units and Estimate of Harvest
Quotas 143
.5. Harvest Technique 146
.6. Operational Harvest Organisation 150
.. Control and Monitoring System 155
.. Establishment of Plantations and Agro-Forestry Systems 156
.. Summary of Recommendations 15
9. Bibliography 163
10. Appendices 11
10.1. Appendix I – Description of Vegetation Types, Summary
of References to Previous Authors, and Synthesis of the
Main Species in the Different Vegetation Storeys 13
10.2. Appendix II – Field Log 12
10.3. Appendix III – Distribution of Highland Afromontane
Forest Species (Araliaceae) by Diameter Classes 13
10.4. Appendix IV – Photographic Appendix 14
■■ 10 ■■
Evaluation of thE harvEst of Prunus africana bark on bioko (Equatorial GuinEa): GuidElinEs for a ManaGEMEnt Plan
a u
bbreviaTionS Sed
APRA: Aprovechamientos Agrícolas (Spanish company for agriculture and
food products)
BA: Basal Area (m2/ha): the average area of a cross-section of all trees per
unit of terrain
CCF: Canopy Cover Fraction; fraction of ground area covered by crowns of
trees, expressed in m2, with respect to the total area (m2)
CFA: Central African CFA franc (676 CFA = 1 €)
CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Fauna and Flora
CoP: Conference of the Parties
CUREF: Project for Conservation and Rational Use of Equatorial Guinea’s
Forest Resources
D: Density (individuals/ha): average number of individuals per unit area
DBH: Diameter at Breast Height (cm)
ºdec: Decimal Degrees
EC: European Community
EPE: Estimated Position Error in determining the position (m) where 50%
of the measurements received by the GPS can be found
ETM+: Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus
EU: European Union
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations
GIS: Geographic Information System
GPS: Global Positioning System
ICRAF: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
m.a.s.l.: metres above sea level
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Evaluation of thE harvEst of Prunus africana bark on bioko (Equatorial GuinEa): GuidElinEs for a ManaGEMEnt Plan
MIMAM: Spanish Ministry of the Environment
NATRA: Consortium of Spanish companies to which APRA belongs
NTFR: Non-Timber Forestry Resources
OJEC: Official Journal of the European Communities
ONADEF: National Forestry Development Agency (Cameroon)
SRG: EU CITES Scientific Review Group
PDOP: Position Dilution of Precision
UNEP-WCMC: United Nations Environment Programme-World
Conservation Monitoring Centre
WGS 84: World Geodetic System (1984)
WWF: World Wide Fund for Nature
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Evaluation of thE harvEst of Prunus africana bark on bioko (Equatorial GuinEa): GuidElinEs for a ManaGEMEnt Plan
l T
iST of ableS
Table 1 – Article IV of the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: Regulation of Trade in
Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II
Table 2 – Article 4 of Council Regulation (EC) No 33/ of  December
16 on the Protection of Species of Wild Fauna and Flora by Regulating
Trade Therein
Table 3 – Potential distribution of the main types of vegetation on Bioko
by altitude ranges
Table 4 – Position coordinates of the systematic sampling points
Table 5 – Estimates of the area occupied by the main vegetation formations
on Bioko, by Ocaña (160)
Table 6 – Estimates of the area occupied by the main vegetation formations
on Bioko according to supervised classification
Table 7 – Estimates of the area occupied by the main vegetation formations
on Bioko (Pico de Basilé, Moca, and Gran Caldera de Luba) at altitudes
above 1400 metres, according to supervised classification
Table 8 – Surface areas of potential Prunus africana distribution on Bioko
(Pico de Basilé and Moca + Caldera de Luba) estimated according to
supervised classification for altitude ranges of 1200-2500 m and 1400-
2500 m
Table 9 – Physiographic characteristics of forestlands inventoried
Table 10 – Structural attributes of the vegetation in the ecosystems where
Prunus africana occurs on Pico de Basilé and Moca, showing absolute
values for total density, density of Prunus africana, average stand height,
and canopy cover fraction (CCF)
Table 11 – Average densities, basal area, and absolute frequency of Prunus
africana in different parts of its range
Table 12 – Structural attributes of the vegetation in Prunus africana forests
by species, showing absolute values for density and basal area (BA)
Table 13 – Structural attributes of the vegetation on Pico de Basilé in
two altitude ranges, showing measurements of total density, density of P.
africana, CCF – of all trees and of P. africana – and average stand height
■■ 13 ■■