Evaluation of Essential Oils (Stay Strong) for Dairy Calves

70 Pages·2016·0.8 MB·English

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Electronic Theses and Dissertations
2016
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Kelly Ann Froehlich
South Dakota State University
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EVALUATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS (STAY STRONG) FOR DAIRY CALVES

BY
KELLY ANN FROEHLICH

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Master of Science
Major in Biological Sciences
Specialization in Dairy Science
South Dakota State University
2016

III

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to thank my research and academic advisor Dr.
David Casper for taking me under his wing and giving me the opportunity to complete
my masters. I thank you and your wife (Janet Casper) for all your wisdom and guidance
and helping me through my project whether that was helping out by feeding calves,
feeding me Perkins, or providing entertainment i.e. letting me drive fun toys through the
fields.
I would also like to thank the rest of my committee members Dr. Vikram Mistry,
Dr. George Hamer, and Dr. Chris Chase for serving on my committee. Special thanks to
Dr. Chris Chase for all his help and guidance in immunology, and letting me borrow his
graduate student Karim Abdelsalam. I thank you Karim Abdelsalam for being my right
hand when it came to preparing vaccines, and running lab analysis. I appreciated your
patience in teaching me immunology and hours of dedication to help me complete my lab
analyses in time.
Thank you to Dr. Michele Muccinate and Amanda Zubke for your assistance in
treatment of sick calves, helping order supplies, and letting me use the South Dakota
State University ARW barn and field for raising my calves.
Many thanks to my fellow graduate students Subash Acharya, Ishwary Acharya,
Carl Kass, Kali Linville, Olivia Kuester, Prakash Poudel, Taylor Aubrey, William Weich,
Angela Manthey, Karla Rodriguez Hernandez and undergraduates Olivia Klinzman,
Jacob Weg, Caroline Scheffert, and Sarah Post for helping with data collection, or advice.
I especially thank Olivia Kuester, Olivia Klinzman (a.k.a O2), and Jacob Weg for always
being there to help take care of the calves through illnesses, rain, snow, and freezing
IV

temperatures your humor, dedication, and abilities to improvise when needed made for a
fun project and could not have done it without you.
I sincerely would like to thank my family. My parents, Jean and Steve for all their
support, encouragement, and love. I would also like to thank my brothers Eric, Jamie, and
Chris for letting me get out of the ‘farm work’ at home by taking care of the sheep or
helping me out through technical support.
Lastly, I would like to thank KC Dairy and Lyle Doubledee for supplementing
calves and Ralco Inc. for sponsoring and financial support of my project.
V

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................... VII
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... IX
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. X
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... XI
CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
ESSENTIAL OILS .......................................................................................................... 1
Antibacterial Modes .................................................................................................... 3
Oregano ....................................................................................................................... 4
Essential oils and calves .............................................................................................. 7
PREBIOTICS .................................................................................................................. 9
Modes of Action ......................................................................................................... 11
Mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) ............................................................................... 12
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) ................................................................................. 15
IMMUNITY .................................................................................................................. 17
Immunoglobulins (Ig) ................................................................................................ 19
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ........................................................................................... 19
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) ............................................................................................ 21
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 21
CHAPTER 2: EVALUATION OF STAY STRONG FOR DAIRY CALVES ................ 23
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 23
VI

MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................. 24
Calf Feeding and Management ................................................................................. 24
Ovalbumin Vaccination ............................................................................................. 26
Nasal Secretion Collection and Analysis................................................................... 26
Body, Fecal and Health Measurements ..................................................................... 28
Blood Sampling and Analysis .................................................................................... 29
VFA........................................................................................................................ 30
ELISA Ovalbumin Assay ...................................................................................... 30
Statistical Analysis ..................................................................................................... 32
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................... 32
Feed Analysis ............................................................................................................. 32
Immunological Performances.................................................................................... 33
Health Performances and Fecal Pathogens .............................................................. 34
Body Growth and Measurements .............................................................................. 35
Volatile Fatty Acids ................................................................................................... 36
Dry matter intake, feed efficiency .............................................................................. 37
CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................... 38
VII

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

µL Microliter
ADG Average Daily Gain
BL Body Length
BRSV Bovine Respiratory Syncytial
BSA Bovine Serum Albumin
BW Body Weight
CS Calf Starter
d Day
DMI Dry Matter Intake
ELISA Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
EO Essential oil
FE Feed efficiency
FOS Fructo-oligosaccharide
g Gram
h Hour
HG Heart Girth
HH Hip Height
HW Hip Width
IgA Immunoglobulin A
IgG Immunoglobulin G
kg kilogram
L Liter
VIII

m Meter
M Molar
Mcal Mega Calories
ME Metabolizable Energy
mg milligram
min Minute
mL Milliliter
MOS Mannan-oligosaccharide
MR Milk Replacer
N Nitrogen
ng Nanogram
ºC Degree Celsius
OVA Ovalbumin
PBS Phosphate Buffered Saline
TRT Treatment
VFA Volatile Fatty Acid
WH Wither Height
YCW Yeast Cell Wall
IX

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. IgA titers ........................................................................................................... 46
Figure 2. IgG titers ........................................................................................................... 47
Figure 3. Fecal scores....................................................................................................... 48
Figure 4. Body weight ...................................................................................................... 49
Figure 5. Calf starter intake.............................................................................................. 50