EVALUATION OF BETA-GLUCAN, ANTIBIOTICS, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ALTERNATIVES ON ...

151 Pages·2005·1.41 MB·English

EVALUATION OF BETA-GLUCAN, ANTIBIOTICS,
AND ANTIMICROBIAL ALTERNATIVES
ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND
IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
IN WEANLING PIGS

By
RODEL PUNZALAN CUENO
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
University of the Philippines Los Baños
Laguna, Philippines
2000
Submitted to the Faculty of the
Graduate College of the
Oklahoma State University
in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for
the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
July, 2005
EVALUATION OF BETA-GLUCAN, ANTIBIOTICS,
AND ANTIMICROBIAL ALTERNATIVES
ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND
IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
IN WEANLING PIGS

Thesis Approved:

________________Dr. Scott D. Carter_________________
Thesis Adviser
_______________Dr. Stanley E. Gilliland_______________
________________Dr. Robert G. Teeter________________
________________Dr. A. Gordon Emslie_______________
Dean of the Graduate College

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Iwould like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to the following important people,
who have made valuable contributions for the accomplishment of this research study:
Dr. Scott D. Carter, my research adviser and mentor. He unselfishly shared his
time and expertise, which made this research endeavor an effective learning process;
Dr. Bob Teeter and Dr. Stan Gilliland, my committee members, for their
innovative lectures and insightful ideas, which greatly improved my work;
Dong-Ahm BT (Seoul, Korea), for partial financial support and for supplying the
beta-glucan preparation used in all experiments;
The Fulbright-Philippine Agriculture Scholarship Program (FPASP), for the
chance they have given me to do my graduate studies here in the US and to make my
country proud;
Dr. Esmeralda Cunanan, Ms. Angela Dizon, and the Philippine-American
Educational Foundation staff for all the help and support you have given me at the very
start of the FPASP;
Paetra Hauck, Marie Ward, and David Hadley of Institute of International
Education (Houston), and Randy Beckloff, Ruth Loffi, and Brenda Dean of International
Students and Scholars, for the all the assistance, guidance and support;
Kim Brock, Cecil Hooper, and the swine barn crew (Reed, Travis, John, Sara,
Emily, Chad, Todd, James, Nick) for assisting me in the conduct of my experiments and
data collection;
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Jason Schneider, Dr. Jin-Seong Park, Theresa Buhay, Mariela Lachmann, and
Sherrita Jenkins, my co-workers, for the camaraderie and for sharing their time and
abilities to me on my research;
My fellow animal science graduate students (Dan, Rebecca, Kristin, Amy, Jason
R., Jason B., Luis, Morgan, Patrick, Nathan, Pauline, Monica, Stanley, Dustin, Vicky,
Ivette, Mayte, Sashi, Francis, Russell) in the department, for the friendship and good
company;
My former professors in the Department of Animal Science, for the knowledge I
acquired which enhanced my appreciation for this field;
Julian, my housemate, and the OSU Filipino community (Adel, Al, Joel, Rose,
Yoli, Mel, Ed, Mike, Mader, Menchu, Wang, Brenda, Edwin, Leon, Ritchie, Arnold,
Gina, Grace, Norma, Yusuf, and Tina) for their hospitality and good nature;
My fellow Fulbright grantees (Ervin, Eugene, Jerome, Jhoe’, Joy, Lori, Melanie,
Melvin, Myrene, Pam, Reynold, Sam, Serge, and Willie) for all the support and
encouragement;
John, Elaina, Menggai, Bill, Donna, K-K, Cesar, and Len, Lylee, Tinay, Dobbie,
Bunny, Claire, Rona for the friendship;
Tatay, Nanay, Kuya RV, Vhim, Rouvel and Roniel, my beloved family, for their
unwavering encouragement despite being far from home;
Sarah, my fiancée, for her love and patience that inspired me to do the best I can. I
can’t imagine spending the rest of my life without her;
And of course, our Almighty God for the guidance, abundant blessings and
unique opportunities that came into my life.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………... 1

II. LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………... 2

Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 2
Concern on antibiotic resistance …..………………………………………… 3
European Union ban on antibiotics as growth promotants ………………... 6
Effects of a ban in the United States ………………………………………... 7
Alternatives to antibiotics in swine diets ……………………………………. 8
Gut mechanism and competitive exclusion ………………………………... 11
Post-weaning lag ……………………………………………………………. 12
Definition and response of antibiotic usage ………………………………… 14
Antibiotic mechanism on growth and development of resistance …………... 15
Alternatives to antibiotics – mechanism and studies ………………………... 18
Modifying gut acidity with acidifiers ……………………………………….. 19
Probiotics and competitive exclusion ……………………………………….. 21
Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) as performance enhancer alternative ……. 23
Beta-glucan as an immunomodulator ……………………………………….. 25
Non-nutritional strategies and alternative husbandry practices …………...... 26
Summary ……………………………………………………………………. 27

III. EFFECTS OF BETA-GLUCAN AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO
ANTIBIOTIC IN THE DIETS OF WEANLING PIGS ………………… 28

Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 28
Materials and Methods ……………………………………………………… 28
Results ………………………………………………………………………. 30
Discussion …………………………………………………………………... 32
Conclusions …………………………………………………………………. 35

IV. EFFECTS OF BETA-GLUCAN AND ANTIBIOTICS ON GROWTH
PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF WEANLING AND
FINISHING PIGS ………………………………………………………… 39
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Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 39
Materials and Methods ……………………………………………………… 40
Results ………………………………………………………………………. 41
Discussion …………………………………………………………………... 43
Conclusions …………………………………………………………………. 46

V. EFFECTS OF BETA-GLUCAN, ANTIBIOTIC, AND ACIDIFIER ON
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS …………………… 51

Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 51
Materials and Methods ……………………………………………………… 51
Results ………………………………………………………………………. 53
Discussion …………………………………………………………………... 55
Conclusions …………………………………………………………………. 59

VI. EFFECTS OF BETA-GLUCAN, ANTIBIOTIC, AND PROBIOTIC ON
GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF WEANLING PIGS …………………... 62

Introduction …………………………………………………………………. 62
Materials and Methods ……………………………………………………… 63
Results ………………………………………………………………………. 64
Discussion …………………………………………………………………... 68
Conclusions …………………………………………………………………. 72

VII. SUMMARY ………………………………………………………………..... 76

Results ………………………………………………………………………. 76
Discussion …………………………………………………………………... 77

VIII. CONCLUSION …………………………………………………………….. 81

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………….... 82

APPENDIX TABLES ……………………………………………………………. 96

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

Chapter II

2.1 Response of weaned piglets to dietary organic acids ………………………… 20
2.2 Effects of promicrobial and antimicrobial agents in starting diets for
weanling pigs ……………………………………………………………... 22
2.3 Growth responses to Bio-Mos in starter diets for pigs ……………………….. 24

CHAPTER III

3.1 Composition of diets in Experiment 1 (as fed-basis) ………………………… 36
3.2 Growth performance of weanling pigs (Exp. 1) ……………………………… 37
3.3 Hematology and serum CRP of weanling pigs (Exp. 1) ……………………... 38

Chapter IV

4.1 Composition of diets in Experiment 2 (as fed-basis) ………………………… 47
4.2 Growth performance of pigs during the nursery phase (Exp. 2) ……………... 48
4.3 Growth performance of pigs during the growing-finishing phase (Exp. 2) ….. 49
4.4 Growth performance and carcass traits of pigs for the overall experiment
(Exp. 2) ……………………………………………………………………. 50

Chapter V

5.1 Composition of diets in Experiment 3 (as fed-basis) ………………………… 60
5.2 Growth performance of weanling pigs (Exp. 3) ……………………………… 61

Chapter VI

6.1 Composition of diets in Experiment 4 (as fed-basis) ………………………… 73
6.2 Growth performance of weanling pigs (Exp. 4) ……………………………… 74
6.3 Serum immune proteins (Exp. 4) …………………………………………….. 75

Chapter VII

7.1 Growth performance of weanling pigs from Exp. 1 to Exp. 4 (26 reps) …….. 79

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

CHAPTER II

2.1 Some routes of transmission of antibiotic-susceptible or –resistant
gastrointestinal or normal intestinal flora between animals and humans .... 5
2.2 Universe of bacteria ………………………………………………………….. 6

2.3 Diagram of the proposed effects of antibiotics mediated through their effects
on small intestinal microflora ……………………………………………... 16

2.4 Four major biochemical mechanisms of antibiotic resistance ……………….. 18

CHAPTER VII

7.1 Percentage improvement in ADG due to carbadox or beta-glucan during the
nursery phase from Experiment 1 to Experiment 4 ……………………….. 80

7.2 Percentage improvement in G:F due to carbadox or beta-glucan during the
nursery phase from Experiment 1 to Experiment 4 ……………………….. 80

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APPENDIX TABLES

Table Page

1 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 1 ………………………………………... 97

2 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 1 …………………………. 98

3 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Phases 1 & 2 combined and Phase 3 – Experiment 1 ………………………. 99

4 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for Phases 1 & 2 combined and Phase 3 – Experiment 1 ………… 100

5 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
the entire 42-d period – Experiment 1 ………………………………………. 101

6 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for the entire 42-d period. – Experiment 1 ……………………….. 102

7 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Nursery Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 2 ………………………………. 103

8 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for Nursery Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 2 ………………... 104

9 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Nursery Phases 1 & 2 combined and Phase 3 – Experiment 2 ……………… 105

10 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for Nursery Phases 1 & 2 combined and Phase 3 – Experiment 2 .. 106

11 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
the entire 42-d period – Experiment 2 ………………………………………. 107

12 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for the entire 42-d period. – Experiment 2 ……………………….. 108

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13 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Finisher Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 2 ………………………………. 109

14 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for Finisher Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 2 ………………... 110

15 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Finisher Phase 3 and the entire grow-finish stage – Experiment 2 …………. 111

16 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for Finisher Phase 3 and the entire grow-finish stage – Experiment
2……………………………………………………………………………... 112
17 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed from
nursery to finisher stage – Experiment 2 ……………………………………. 113

18 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed from nursery to finisher stage – Experiment 2 …………………… 114

19 Means for hot carcass weight, 10th rib backfat, longissimus muscle area, and
fat-free lean carcass of pigs – Experiment 2 ………………………………... 115

20 Analysis of variance for hot carcass weight, 10th rib backfat, longissimus
muscle area, and fat-free lean carcass of pigs – Experiment 2 ……………… 116

21 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 3 ………………………………………... 117

22 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 3 …………………………. 118

23 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Phases 1 & 2 combined and Phase 3 – Experiment 3 ………………………. 119

24 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for Phases 1 & 2 combined and Phase 3 – Experiment 3 ………… 120

25 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
the entire 42-d period – Experiment 3 ………………………………………. 121

26 Analysis of variance for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and
gain:feed for the entire 42-d period. – Experiment 3 ……………………….. 122

27 Means for average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed for
Phase 1 and Phase 2 – Experiment 4 ………………………………………... 123

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